Bretislav I, duke of Bohemia

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The Přemyslids (Czech: Přemyslovci, Polish: Przemyślidzi), were a Czech royal dynasty which reigned in Bohemia (9th century–1306) and in Poland (1300–1306).

The Czechs name Přemysl, the Ploughman (Premysl or Przemysl; in Czech Přemysl Oráč) as the mythical ancestor of Přemyslid dynasty, containing the line of princes (dukes) and kings which ruled in the Czech lands from 873 or earlier until the murder of Wenceslaus III in 1306.

According to a legend, Přemysl was a peasant of the village of Stadice who attracted the notice of Libuše, daughter of a certain Krok, who ruled over a large part of Bohemia. Přemysl married Libuše, the traditional foundress of Prague, and became prince of the Bohemian Czechs. Přemysl and Libuše had three sons: Nezamysl (heir), Radobyl and Liudomir.

The Přemyslid dynasty became extinct in the male line when Wenceslaus III died, but through females the title to Bohemia passed from the Přemyslids to the Luxembourgs and later to the houses of Jagiełło, Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine.

Bretislaus I (Czech: Břetislav) (born between 1002 and 1005, died 10 January 1055), known as The Bohemian Achilles, of the house of the Premyslids, was the duke of Bohemia from 1035 till death.

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich, then the protector of the Žatecko province, and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith (Jitka) of Schweinfurt, a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, Henry of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

In 1035 Bretislaus helped Emperor Conrad II in his war against the Lusatians. In 1039 he invaded Little Poland, captured Krakow and Poznan and sacked Gniezno, bringing the relics of St Adalbert back with him. On the way back he conquered part of Silesia including Wrocław. His main goal was to set up an archbishopic see in Prague and create a large state subject only to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1040 the German King Henry III invaded Bohemia but was forced to retreat by an ambush on his supply lines. However, Bretislaus was aware that he could not hold out indefinitely against the Germans and signed a truce with Henry III. In the ensuing peace treaty Bretislaus renounced all of his conquests save for Moravia.

In 1047 Emperor Henry III negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. This pact worked in Bretislaus' favour as the Polish ruler swore never again to attack Bohemia in return for an annual subsidy to Gniezno. In 1054 Bretislaus issued the famous Seniority Law. For the first time this act stated that Bohemia and Moravia would pass directly through the senior line of the Premyslid dynasty. Younger members of the dynasty were allowed to govern Moravia, but only at the Duke's discretion.

Bretislaus was the author of decrees concerning the rules of Christianization, which included a ban on polygamy or trade on holidays.

Bretislaus died at Chrudim in 1055 during his preparation for another invasion of Hungary and was succeeded by his son Spytihnev II.

It was in 1030 that he married the aforementioned Judith. Before his death, Bretislaus organised the succession. His eldest son, Spytihnev, was to succeed him as duke of Bohemia with control over that territory. Moravia was put under the Bohemian crown, but divided between three of his younger sons. Olomouc went to Vratislaus, Znojmo went to Conrad, and Brno went to Otto. The youngest son, Jaromir, entered the church and became bishop of Prague.

-http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BOHEMIA.htm#BretislavIdied1055B

BŘETISLAV of Bohemia, illegitimate son of OLDRICH Duke of the Bohemians & his mistress Bozena --- (-Chrudim 10 Jan 1055, bur Prague St Veit[84]). The Chronica Boemorum names "Braziclau" as son of "Oudalricus" and his mistress Bozena[85]. The Annalista Saxo records "Bracilaus, Boemie ducis Odolrici filius" kidnapping "Iudhitam, sororem Ottonis de Suinvorde" from the monastery of St Peter and St Paul "super montem Hasunkun"[86]. Duke of Moravia 1025-1031. He succeeded in 1034 as BŘETISLAV Duke of the Bohemians. The necrology of Regensburg St Emmeran records the death "IV Id Jan" of "Brazislaus dux"[87]. The Cronica Principum Regni Boemiæ records the death in 1055 of "Bretislaus…filius Odalrici"[88].

m (Olmütz after 1021) as her first husband, JUDITH von Schweinfurt, daughter of HEINRICH von Schweinfurt Markgraf auf dem Nordgau & his wife Gerberga von Gleisberg ([1010/15]-2 Aug 1058, bur [1061 or after] Prague St Veit). The Annalista Saxo names "Iudhitam, sororem Ottonis de Suinvorde, filiam…marchionis Heinrici" when recording that she was kidnapped by her future husband from the monastery of St Peter and St Paul "super montem Hasunkun"[89]. In a later passage, her death is recorded "IV Non Aug" as well as her later burial in Prague by her son Vratislav. The same source also specifies that she had been expelled from Bohemia by her son Duke Spytihnĕv and married "Petri regi Ungariorum" to spite him[90]. The Chronica Boemorum records the death "1058 IV Non Aug" of "Iudita coniunx Bracizlavi, ductrix Boemorum", specifying that she had been expelled from Bohemia by her son "Spitigneus", that to spite her son she had married "Petro regi Ungarorum", and that her son Wratizlas had brought back her body to be buried next to her husband in Prague[91]. She married secondly (after Jan 1055) [as his second wife,] Péter ex-King of Hungary.

Duke Břetislav & his wife had five children: 

Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia (1)

M, #150032, d. 1055

Last Edited=8 Jul 2005

    Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia was the son of Ulrich, Duke of Bohemia. (1) He died in 1055. (1)

Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia was a member of the House of Premysl. (1) He succeeded to the title of Duke of Bohemia in 1034. (1)
Children of Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia

-1. Spytihnev II, Duke of Bohemia d. 1061 (1)

-2. Conrad, Duke of Bohemia+ d. 1092 (1)

-3. unknown of Bohemia+ (1)

-4. Vratislav I, King of Bohemia+ b. 1032, d. 1092 (1)

Forrás:

Břetislav I. (* um 1005; † 10. Januar 1055 in Chrudim) war ab 1035 Herzog von Böhmen aus dem Geschlecht der Přemysliden.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

[Anzeigen]

   * 1 Leben

o 1.1 Aufstieg
o 1.2 Auseinandersetzungen mit Polen und dem Reich
o 1.3 Einigung mit Polen
* 2 Literatur
* 3 Weblinks
Leben [Bearbeiten]

Aufstieg [Bearbeiten]

Břetislav I. war ein unehelicher Sohn von Herzog Oldřich. Obwohl dieser später Břetislavs Mutter, die Bauerntochter Božena (auch Beatrice genannt), heiratete, blieb die Ehe eine Mesalliance. Břetislav konnte lediglich auf den Fürstenstuhl kommen, weil keiner der Brüder seines Vaters Nachkommen hatte. Nach dem Chronisten Cosmas von Prag begegnete Oldřich Božena etwa 1002 in Postoloprty. Es ist aber zu vermuten, dass er sie bereits vor 1002 heiratete.

Břetislav wird von Cosmas das erste Mal zum Jahr 1021 erwähnt. Er soll seine spätere Frau Judith von Schweinfurt, die Tochter Heinrichs von Nordgau, aus einem Nonnenkloster in Schweinfurt entführt haben. Nach der Rückkehr ließen sich Břetislav und Judith in Mähren nieder. Sein Herrschersitz wurde Olomouc. Er baute dort neue Burgen. In Olomouc wurde auch sein erster Sohn Spytihněv geboren.

Ab 1029 war Břetislav daran beteiligt, die Polen zu vertreiben, die große Teile von Mähren besetzt hielten. Diese Offensive wurde begünstigt durch den gleichzeitigen Angriff Jaroslaws von Kiew auf Polen. Břetislavs Erfolg in Mähren trug maßgeblich zur vorübergehende Stabilisierung des böhmischen Fürstentums unter seinem Vater Oldřich bei. Břetislav erhielt Mähren als Teilfürstentum und versuchte 1031, auch in der südlichen Slowakei Gebiete zu besetzen, dies jedoch ohne dauernden Erfolg.

Nachdem sein Vater im Sommer 1033 auf Befehl des Kaisers Konrad II. gefangen genommen worden war, sollte Břetislav mit Mähren belehnt werden. Von dort wurde er jedoch durch Oldřich vertrieben, nachdem dieser 1034 aus der kaiserlichen Gefangenschaft freigelassen worden war. Der Grund für die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Vater und Sohn ist nicht mehr zu ermitteln. Man vermutet, dass der junge Fürst auf der Seite seines Onkels Jaromír stand, den Oldřich hatte blenden und einkerkern lassen. Am 9. November 1034 starb Oldřich. Jaromír verzichtete zu Gunsten seines Neffen Břetislav darauf, die Nachfolge seines Bruders anzutreten. Ein Jahr später, am 4. November 1035, wurde Jaromír vermutlich von Angehörigen des konkurrierenden Geschlechts der Vršovci ermordet.

Auseinandersetzungen mit Polen und dem Reich [Bearbeiten]

Im Jahr 1035 kämpfte Břetislav an der Seite des Kaisers gegen die Liutizen, die die inzwischen nicht mehr existierende Burg Werben in der Altmark überfallen hatten. Überhaupt band er sich zunächst eng an das Reich, wobei er wohl von der Herkunft seiner Frau profitierte. Im gleichen Maß wie sich Böhmen unter Břetislav stabilisierte, verschlimmerte sich die Krise Polens. Břetislav nutzte diese Lage. Im Sommer 1039 führte er einen Raubzug nach Polen. Die meisten Burgen ergaben sich kampflos. Er ließ Krakau und andere Städte plündern und eroberte Ende Juli Gnesen. Der Kriegszug wurde neben vielen Adligen auch von einem Teil der Kirchenfürsten begleitet, unter anderem vom Prager Bischof Šebíř. Nach dem Öffnen des Grabes von Adalbert (tschechisch Vojtěch, polnisch Wojciech), ließ der Fürst die Břetislav-Dekrete verlesen, die den Toten zur freiwilligen Rückkehr nach Böhmen bewegen sollten. Gemeinsam mit den Gebeinen Vojtěchs nahm er auch die sterblichen Überreste seines Stiefbruders Radim-Gaudentius mit, des ersten Erzbischofs von Gnesen. Vermutlich war die Inbesitznahme der Reliquien der eigentliche Grund des Feldzuges; gleichzeitig schwächte er durch die Besetzung Schlesiens, Gnesens und Mährens die Macht Polens. Mit Hilfe der Reliquien sollte Prag von einem Mainzer Suffraganbistum zum eigenen böhmischen Erzbistum aufgewertet werden und die Nachfolge Gnesens antreten. Entsprechende Pläne wurden mit einer Gesandtschaft nach Rom verfolgt, stießen aber auf erbitterten Widerstand des Mainzer Erzbischofs.

Kaiser Heinrich III. schloss sich dieser Haltung an. Zudem verlangte er die Freigabe Polens, bei dem es sich wie bei Böhmen um ein Vasallenfürstentum des Reiches handelte, und einen hohen Straftribut, den Břetislav nicht zu zahlen bereit war. 1039 konnte Břetislav einen Feldzug noch abwenden, indem er seinen Sohn Spytihněv dem Kaiser als Geisel übergab. 1040, nachdem Břetislav keine Einsicht zeigte, brach Heinrich III. dann doch zum Feldzug gegen Böhmen auf. Der Angriff erfolgte im August. Der erste Teil der Armee sollte mit Heinrich von Cham aus über Taus einmarschieren. Kern dieser Truppen waren Bayern und Hessen. Sachsen unter der Führung des Markgrafen Ekkehard II. von Meißen sollten über Nordböhmen einmarschieren. Heinrich stieß bald auf böhmische Befestigungen, die seinen Vormarsch zum Stocken brachten. Am 22./23. August versuchte Heinrich vergeblich, diese Befestigungen zu überwinden, und zog sich nach verlustreichen Kämpfen um den Neumarker Pass, in denen er auch seinen Bannerträger Werner mit der gesamten Vorhut verlor, wieder nach Bayern zurück. Auch Otto von Schweinfurt, der kurz darauf mit frischen Soldaten zum Kaiser stoßen sollte, war auf seinem Weg nach Böhmen in verlustreiche Kämpfe verwickelt worden. Ekkehard hatte es im Norden einfacher. Ihm gelang es, den Kastellan von Bilin zu bestechen, der sich ihm entgegenstellen sollte. Ekkehard kam bis tief in das Innere des Landes, musste sich aber dann doch zurückziehen. Prkoš, dem Kastellan von Bílina, wurden für seinen Verrat die Augen ausgestochen und die Hände und Füße abgehackt. Anschließend wurde er in einen Fluss geworfen.

Der Feldzug hatte zu Verlusten auf beiden Seiten geführt. Im Frühjahr 1041 schickte Břetislav Gesandte zu Heinrich. Die Verhandlungen blieben offenbar erfolglos, denn ein kaiserliches Heer marschierte im Spätsommer erneut in Böhmen ein, diesmal mit mehr Erfolg. Am 8. September standen die Truppen vor Prag. Am 29. September 1041 ergab sich Břetislav und musste sich im Oktober in Regensburg dem Kaiser unterwerfen. Die Bedingungen, die Břetislav erfüllen musste, waren vergleichsweise milde: Er durfte Schlesien, Mähren und die Gebeine Adalberts behalten, wurde sogar offiziell mit Mähren belehnt, das ab diesem Zeitpunkt nahezu unangefochten im böhmischen Staatsverband blieb. Im Gegenzug musste Břetislav an Polen aber Entschädigung zahlen, Gefangene freilassen und Geiseln stellen. Ein Grund für die milde Behandlung dürften Umwälzungen in Ungarn gewesen sein, bei denen der reichsfreundliche König Peter Orseolo vertrieben worden war. Heinrich III. brauchte Böhmen als Pufferzone gegen Ungarn.

Einigung mit Polen [Bearbeiten]

Břetislav kam in den folgenden Jahren seinen Verpflichtungen als Vasall des Kaisers nach. Im Sommer 1042 nahm er an einem Feldzug Heinrichs gegen die Ungarn teil. Der nach dem Sieg eingesetzte neue ungarische König konnte sich allerdings nicht lange halten. 1050 scheint es zu erneuten Konflikten mit Polen gekommen zu sein, in deren Verlauf der polnische König Kasimir einen Teil des 1041 Böhmen zugesprochenen Landes wieder in seinen Besitz bringen konnte. 1044 und 1051 war Břetislav an weiteren Feldzügen nach Ungarn beteiligt. Den dritten Feldzug 1054 bereitete er mit vor, nahm aber nicht mehr an ihm teil. Noch zu Lebzeiten Břetislavs versuchte Heinrich, den andauernden Streit zwischen den Vasalenreichen Polen und Böhmen zu schlichten. Während des Pfingstfestes 1053 setzte Heinrich in Quedlinburg durch, dass Breslau und andere Burgen an Polen zurückgegeben wurden. Polen musste dafür an Böhmen jährliche Abgaben leisten. Die genaueren Bedingungen dieses Abkommens sind unbekannt.

Innenpolitisch organisierte Břetislav Böhmen neu und baute eine Verwaltung auf, die sich an den Burgbezirken orientierte, ordnete das Münzwesen und erließ zahlreiche Gesetze, unter anderem eine Erbfolgeordnung, mit der das Prinzip des Seniorats eingeführt wurde. Břetislav bestimmte seinen ältesten Sohn Spytihněv II. zum Nachfolger, die jüngeren Söhne darunter auch die späteren Fürsten Vratislav II. und Konrad I. und Otto I. erhielten Teilfürstentümer. Seine Tochter Judith von Böhmen heiratete um 1080 den polnischen Herzog Władysław I. Herman.

Břetislav starb am 10. Januar 1055 bei einem Besuch in Chrudim und wurde im Prager Veitsdom beigesetzt.

Literatur [Bearbeiten]

   * Barbara Krzemieńska: Břetislav I. Čechy a střední Evropa v prvé polovině XI. století. garamond, edice Historica, 1999, ISBN 80-901760-7-0

Weblinks [Bearbeiten]

   * genealogie-mittelalter.de

* Aufsatz von 1870 zum Böhmenfeldzug 1039-1041 PDF (1,63 MB)
* Kurzvita auf der offiziellen Seite von Brünn

http://genealogy.euweb.cz/bohemia/bohemia1.html#K2

THE PREMYSLIDS

Duke Borzivoy I of Bohemia, +894, became a Christian 845; m.St.Ludmila (+16.9.927), dau.of Slavibor ze Psova

   * A1. Duke Spitignev I of Bohemia (894-905), *875, +905/15, bur Prague; m.NN

* A2. Duke Vratislav I of Bohemia (905-921), *888, +13.2.921, bur St.George, Prague; m.Drahomira ze Stodor (+in exile after 935)
o B1. Duke Václav I "Svatý" "the Holy" of Bohemia (921-935), *911, +murdered by his brother at Stara Boleslav ca 28.9.935, bur St.Kosmas and Damian, St.Boleslav, then St.Veit, Prague
o B2. Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia (935-967/72), +15.7.973/6; m.Biagota N
+ C1. Duke Boleslav II of Bohemia (967/72-999), +7.2.999, bur St.George, Prague; m.Hemma/Elgiva of England (+1005)
# D1. Václav, +young
# D2. Duke Boleslav III of Bohemia (999-V.1002)+(II.-III.1003), blinded and deposed 1003, +as a Polish prisoner in unknown monastery 1035; m.Predslava N
# D3. Duke Jaromír of Bohemia (V.1002-II.1003)+(7.9.1004-12.4.1012)+(1033-34), blinded 1034, +Lysa nad Labem 4.11.1035, bur Prague (?)
# D4. Duke Udalrich=Oldrich of Bohemia (12.4.1012-1033)+(1034), +9.11.1034, bur St.George, Prague; he had illegitimate issue by (?2.m.) Bozena N (+1052/5)
* E1. Bretislav I, Duke of Moravia (1025-31), Duke of Bohemia (1034-55), *ca 1002, +Chrudim 10.1.1055, bur St.Veit, Prague; m.Olomouc 1022-29 Judith von Schweinfurt (+2.8.1058)
o F1. Spitignev II, Duke of Moravia (1049-54), Duke of Bohemia (1055-61), *1031, +28.1.1061, bur St.Veit, Prague; m.Hidda von Eilenburg
+ G1. Svatobor=Friedrich, Patriarch of Aquileia, +23.2.1086
+ G2. a daughter, m.Wichmann of Celle
o F2. Vratislav II, Duke in Olmütz (1055-56)+(1058-61), Duke of Bohemia (1061-85), King of Bohemia (1085-92), *ca 1032, +(Vysehrad) 14.1.1092, bur St.Peter and Paul, Vysehrad, Prague; 1m: Maria N; 2m: 1057 Adelaide of Hungary (+27.1.1062); 3m: 1062 Swatawa of Poland (+1.9.1126)
+ G1. [2m.] Duke Bretislav II of Bohemia (1092-1100), +murdered nr Zbecno 22.12.1100, bur St.Veit, Prague; m.1094 Liutgarde von Bogen (+31.12.1094)
# H1. Bretislav, blinded 1130, +8.3.1130(?)
+ G2. [2m.] Judith, +25.12.1086; m.ca 1080 Pr Wladislaw I of Poland (+4.6.1102)
+ G3. [2m.] Vratislav, +19.11.1061
+ G4. [2m.] Ludmila, a nun
+ G5. [3m.] Boleslav, Duke in Olmütz (1090-91), *ca 1064, +11.8.1091
+ G6. [3m.] Borzivoy II, Duke in Znaim and Brünn (1099-1100), Duke of Bohemia (1101-07)+(1117-20), *ca 1064, +in Hungary 2.2.1124, bur St.Veit, Prague; m.Gerberga of Austria (+13.7.1142)
# H1. Jaromir, +by 1135; m.NN
* I1. Heinrich/Konrad, +1167
# H2. Spitignev, +3.1.1157
# H3. Lupold, fl 1143
# H4. Boleslav, fl 1146
# H5. Albrecht, +7.4. before 1124
# H6. Richza, +27.2. before 1124
+ G7. [3m.] Duke Vladislav I of Bohemia (1109-17)+(1120-25), +12.4.1125, bur Kladruby monastery; m.Richza von Berg (+27.9.1125); for his descendants see HERE
+ G8. [3m.] Sobieslav I Udalrich, Duke in Znaim and Brünn (1115-23), Duke of Bohemia (1125-40), *ca 1075/90, +Hostinne 14.2.1140, bur St.Peter and Paul, Vysehrad, Prague; m.1123 Adelaide of Hungary (*ca 1105/7 +15.9.1140)
# H1. Vladislav, fl 1138, +1165; m.N, dau.of Albrecht "der Bear"
# H2. Duke Sobieslav II of Bohemia (1173-78), *1128, +9.1.1180, bur St.Peter and Paul, Vysehrad, Prague; m.1173/7 Elzbieta of Poland (*1152 +1209)
# H3. Ulrich, Duke of Bohemia 1165, Duke of Moravia in Olmütz (1173-76), *1134, +18.10.1177; 1m: Cecilie of Thuringia; 2m: Sophie of Meissen
* I1. [2m.] Agnes, a nun at Gerbstedt
# H4. Duke Václav II of Bohemia and Margrave of Moravia (IX-XII.1191), *1137, +a prisoner of the Margrave of Meissen ca 1192
# H5. Marie; 1m: 1138 Margrave Leopold IV of Austria (+18.10.1141); 2m: Mgve Hermann III of Baden (+1153/60)
+ G9. [3m.] Judith, +9.12.1108; m.1088 Wiprecht von Groitzsch, Bggf von Magdeburg (+22.5.1124)
o F3. Konrad I, Duke in Brünn (1055-56)+(1061-92), Duke in Znaim (1061-92), Duke of Bohemia (1092), +6.9.1092, bur St.Peter and Paul, Vysehrad, Prague; m.Wirpirk N
+ G1. Udalrich, Duke of Moravia in Brünn (1092-99)+(1100-13), +27.3.1113; m.NN
# H1. Vratislav, Duke of Moravia in Brünn (1125-29)+(1130-56), +1156; m.1132 N of Halicz
* I1. Spitignev, Duke in Brünn (1174-77), +1198/9
* I2. Svatopluk, Duke in Brünn (1195-97), +by 5.6.1201/1197 ?
* I3. Agnes, +by 1197
+ G2. Lupold (Luitold), Duke of Moravia in Znaim (1092-99)+(1101-12), +15.3.1112; m.Ida (Uda) von Babenberg (+1115)
# H1. Konrád II, Duke in Znaim (1123-28)+(1134-61), Duke of Moravia 1160; m.1132 Maria of Serbia (+1190/96)
* I1. Ernst, +after 17.9.1156
* I2. Konrád III Otto, Duke in Znaim (1161-82) in Brünn (1177-82) in Olmütz (1180-82), Margrave of Moravia (1182-91), Duke of Bohemia (1182)+(1189-91), *1136-40, +nr Naples 9.9.1191, bur Montecassino monastery, Italy, then St.Veit, Prague; m.before 1176 Heilika von Wittelsbach (+after 1189)
* I3. Helena, +1202/6; m.ca 1163 Kazimierz II of Poland, Pr of Kujavia and Masovia
o F4. Jaromír Gebhard, Bp of Prague (15.6.1068-1090), Chancellor to Emperor Heinrich IV (11.6.1077-VII.1084), *ca 1040, +Gran (Hungary) 26.9.1090
o F5. Otto I, Duke in Znaim (1055-56), Duke in Olmütz (1061-87), +9.7.1087; m.before 1073 Eufemie of Hungary (+2.4.1111)
+ G1. Svatopluk II, Duke of Moravia in Olmütz (1091-1107), Duke of Bohemia (1107-09), +murdered 21.9.1109, bur Kladruby monastery (?); m.NN
# H1. Václav, Duke of Moravia in Olmütz (1126-30), *1107, +1.8.1130
+ G2. Otto II "the Black", Duke in Brünn (1123-25), in Olmütz (1091-1110)+(1113-26), +18.2.1126; m.after 1113 Sofie von Berg (+31.5. ?)
# H1. Otto III Detleb, Duke in Olmütz (1140-60), *1122 +12.5.1160; m.Durantia N (+after 13.12.1160)
* I1. Vladimir, Duke in Olmütz (1185-?), *1145, +before 11.12.1200
* I2. Bretislav in Lundenburg (1185-96), +by 1201
o J1. Siegfried, a canon in Olmütz, +1227
* I3. Svatava, +by 1160
* I4. Maria, fl 1198
* I5. Durantia, fl 1198
* I6. Euphemia, fl 1198
* I7. Hedwig, +after 16.1.1160
# H2. Svatopluk, fl 1146
# H3. Euphemia, *1115, +after 1144; m.btw 13.12.1143/6.1.1144 Pr Sviatopolk of Novgorod (+1154)
+ G3. Bohuslava, fl 1078
o F6. Demudis, +young
* E2. Vratislav, a canon in Prague 1055
# D5. Luta, fl ca 1026
+ C2. Strachkvas=Kristian, a monk, *935/6, +28.9.996
+ C3. Dobrava, +977; m.963-965 Pr Mieszko I of Poland (+992)
+ C4. Mlada=Maria, Abbess of St.Georg, Prague 967
o B3. Spitignev, +young
o B4. Pribislava; m.before 938 NN
Rulers of Bohemia

INDEX PAGE

Last updated 20th January 2005

Bretislaus I (Czech: Břetislav) (born between 1002 and 1005, died 10 January 1055), known as The Bohemian Achilles, of the house of the Premyslids, was the duke of Bohemia from 1035 till death.

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt (Jitka), a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, margrave Henry of Schweinfurt of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

In 1035 Bretislaus helped Emperor Conrad II in his war against the Lusatians. In 1039 he invaded Little and Great Poland, captured Poznan and sacked Gniezno, bringing the relics of St Adalbert back with him. On the way back he conquered part of Silesia including Wrocław. His main goal was to set up an archbishopric in Prague and create a large state subject only to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1040 the German King Henry III invaded Bohemia but was forced to retreat after he lost the battle at Brudek. However, the following year Henry III. invaded again, skirted the border defences and laid siege to Bretislaus in Prague. Forced by a mutiny among his nobles and betrayed by his bishop, Bretislaus had to renounce all of his conquests save for Moravia.

In 1047 Emperor Henry III negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. This pact worked in Bretislaus' favour as the Polish ruler swore never again to attack Bohemia in return for an annual subsidy to Gniezno. In 1054 Bretislaus issued the famous Seniority Law. For the first time this act stated that Bohemia and Moravia would pass directly through the senior line of the Premyslid dynasty. Younger members of the dynasty were allowed to govern Moravia, but only at the Duke's discretion.

Bretislaus was the author of decrees concerning the rules of Christianization, which included a ban on polygamy or trade on holidays.

Bretislaus died at Chrudim in 1055 during his preparation for another invasion of Hungary and was succeeded by his son Spytihnev II.

It was in 1030 that he married the aforementioned Judith. Before his death, Bretislaus organised the succession. His eldest son, Spytihnev, was to succeed him as duke of Bohemia with control over that territory. Moravia was put under the Bohemian crown, but divided between three of his younger sons. Olomouc went to Vratislaus, Znojmo went to Conrad, and Brno went to Otto. The youngest son, Jaromir, entered the church and became bishop of Prague.

Bretislaus I of Bohemia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bretislaus I (Czech: Břetislav) (born between 1002 and 1005, died 10 January 1055), known as The Bohemian Achilles, of the house of the Premyslids, was the duke of Bohemia from 1035 till death.

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt (Jitka), a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, margrave Henry of Schweinfurt of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

In 1035 Bretislaus helped Emperor Conrad II in his war against the Lusatians. In 1039 he invaded Little and Great Poland, captured Poznan and sacked Gniezno, bringing the relics of St Adalbert back with him. On the way back he conquered part of Silesia including Wrocław. His main goal was to set up an archbishopric in Prague and create a large state subject only to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1040 the German King Henry III invaded Bohemia but was forced to retreat after he lost the battle at Brudek. However, the following year Henry III. invaded again, skirted the border defences and laid siege to Bretislaus in Prague. Forced by a mutiny among his nobles and betrayed by his bishop, Bretislaus had to renounce all of his conquests save for Moravia.

In 1047 Emperor Henry III negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. This pact worked in Bretislaus' favour as the Polish ruler swore never again to attack Bohemia in return for an annual subsidy to Gniezno. In 1054 Bretislaus issued the famous Seniority Law. For the first time this act stated that Bohemia and Moravia would pass directly through the senior line of the Premyslid dynasty. Younger members of the dynasty were allowed to govern Moravia, but only at the Duke's discretion.

Bretislaus was the author of decrees concerning the rules of Christianization, which included a ban on polygamy or trade on holidays.

Bretislaus died at Chrudim in 1055 during his preparation for another invasion of Hungary and was succeeded by his son Spytihnev II.

It was in 1030 that he married the aforementioned Judith. Before his death, Bretislaus organised the succession. His eldest son, Spytihnev, was to succeed him as duke of Bohemia with control over that territory. Moravia was put under the Bohemian crown, but divided between three of his younger sons. Olomouc went to Vratislaus, Znojmo went to Conrad, and Brno went to Otto. The youngest son, Jaromir, entered the church and became bishop of Prague.

Name: Duke Bretislav I of Bohemia

Sex: M

Name: Duke Bretislav of Bohemia

Birth: 1005 in <Praha, Praha, Czechoslovakia>

Birth: ABT. 1002 in Praha, Bohemia

Birth: 1005

Birth: ABT. 1022

Death: 10 JAN 1054/55

Death: 1055

Death: 10 JAN 1054/55 in Chrudim

Bretislaus I (Czech: Břetislav) (born between 1002 and 1005, died 10 January 1055), known as The Bohemian Achilles, of the house of the Premyslids, was the duke of Bohemia from 1035 till death.

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt (Jitka), a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, margrave Henry of Schweinfurt of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

In 1035 Bretislaus helped Emperor Conrad II in his war against the Lusatians. In 1039 he invaded Little and Great Poland, captured Poznan and sacked Gniezno, bringing the relics of St Adalbert back with him. On the way back he conquered part of Silesia including Wrocław. His main goal was to set up an archbishopric in Prague and create a large state subject only to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1040 the German King Henry III invaded Bohemia but was forced to retreat after he lost the battle at Brudek. However, the following year Henry III. invaded again, skirted the border defences and laid siege to Bretislaus in Prague. Forced by a mutiny among his nobles and betrayed by his bishop, Bretislaus had to renounce all of his conquests save for Moravia.

In 1047 Emperor Henry III negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. This pact worked in Bretislaus' favour as the Polish ruler swore never again to attack Bohemia in return for an annual subsidy to Gniezno. In 1054 Bretislaus issued the famous Seniority Law. For the first time this act stated that Bohemia and Moravia would pass directly through the senior line of the Premyslid dynasty. Younger members of the dynasty were allowed to govern Moravia, but only at the Duke's discretion.

Bretislaus was the author of decrees concerning the rules of Christianization, which included a ban on polygamy or trade on holidays.

Bretislaus died at Chrudim in 1055 during his preparation for another invasion of Hungary and was succeeded by his son Spytihnev II.

It was in 1030 that he married the aforementioned Judith. Before his death, Bretislaus organised the succession. His eldest son, Spytihnev, was to succeed him as duke of Bohemia with control over that territory. Moravia was put under the Bohemian crown, but divided between three of his younger sons. Olomouc went to Vratislaus, Znojmo went to Conrad, and Brno went to Otto. The youngest son, Jaromir, entered the church and became bishop of Prague.

Bretislaus I, Duke of Bohemia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  (Redirected from Bretislaus I of Bohemia) Jump to: navigation, search 

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Bretislaus I of Bohemia is kidnapping his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt from a monastery. From the Chronicle of Dalimil.Bretislaus I (Czech: Břetislav) (born between 1002 and 1005, died 10 January 1055), known as The Bohemian Achilles, of the house of the Přemyslids, was the duke of Bohemia from 1035 till death.

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt (Jitka), a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, margrave Henry of Schweinfurt of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

In 1035 Bretislaus helped Emperor Conrad II in his war against the Lusatians. In 1039 he invaded Little and Great Poland, captured Poznan and sacked Gniezno, bringing the relics of St Adalbert back with him. On the way back he conquered part of Silesia including Wrocław. His main goal was to set up an archbishopric in Prague and create a large state subject only to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1040 the German King Henry III invaded Bohemia but was forced to retreat after he lost the battle at Brudek. However, the following year Henry III invaded again, skirted the border defences and laid siege to Bretislaus in Prague. Forced by a mutiny among his nobles and betrayed by his bishop, Bretislaus had to renounce all of his conquests save for Moravia.

In 1047, Emperor Henry III negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. This pact worked in Bretislaus' favour as the Polish ruler swore never again to attack Bohemia in return for an annual subsidy to Gniezno. In 1054 Bretislaus issued the famous Seniority Law. For the first time this act stated that Bohemia and Moravia would pass directly through the senior line of the Přemyslid dynasty. Younger members of the dynasty were allowed to govern Moravia, but only at the Duke's discretion.

Bretislaus was the author of decrees concerning the rules of Christianization, which included a ban on polygamy or trade on holidays.

Bretislaus died at Chrudim in 1055 during his preparation for another invasion of Hungary and was succeeded by his son Spytihnev II.

It was in 1030 that he married the aforementioned Judith. Before his death, Bretislaus organised the succession. His eldest son, Spytihnev, was to succeed him as duke of Bohemia with control over that territory. Moravia was put under the Bohemian crown, but divided between three of his younger sons. Olomouc went to Vratislaus, Znojmo went to Conrad, and Brno went to Otto. The youngest son, Jaromir, entered the church and became bishop of Prague.

Regnal titles Preceded by Oldrich Duke of Bohemia 1035–1055 Succeeded by Spytihnev II

http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:2755307&...

http://dkdonovan.com/getperson.php?personID=I40306&tree=Main

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretislaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt (Jitka), a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, margrave Henry of Schweinfurt of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

https://cs.wikisource.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_n%C3%A1rodu_%C4%8Desk%C3....

Links:

• Wikipedia
• Holbek

The Přemyslids (Czech: Přemyslovci, Polish: Przemyślidzi), were a Czech royal dynasty which reigned in Bohemia (9th century–1306) and in Poland (1300–1306).

The Czechs name Přemysl, the Ploughman (Premysl or Przemysl; in Czech Přemysl Oráč) as the mythical ancestor of Přemyslid dynasty, containing the line of princes (dukes) and kings which ruled in the Czech lands from 873 or earlier until the murder of Wenceslaus III in 1306.

According to a legend, Přemysl was a peasant of the village of Stadice who attracted the notice of Libuše, daughter of a certain Krok, who ruled over a large part of Bohemia. Přemysl married Libuše, the traditional foundress of Prague, and became prince of the Bohemian Czechs. Přemysl and Libuše had three sons: Nezamysl (heir), Radobyl and Liudomir.

The Přemyslid dynasty became extinct in the male line when Wenceslaus III died, but through females the title to Bohemia passed from the Přemyslids to the Luxembourgs and later to the houses of Jagiełło, Habsburg and Habsburg-Lorraine.

Bretislaus I (Czech: Břetislav) (born between 1002 and 1005, died 10 January 1055), known as The Bohemian Achilles, of the house of the Premyslids, was the duke of Bohemia from 1035 till death.

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich, then the protector of the Žatecko province, and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith (Jitka) of Schweinfurt, a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, Henry of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

In 1035 Bretislaus helped Emperor Conrad II in his war against the Lusatians. In 1039 he invaded Little Poland, captured Krakow and Poznan and sacked Gniezno, bringing the relics of St Adalbert back with him. On the way back he conquered part of Silesia including Wrocław. His main goal was to set up an archbishopic see in Prague and create a large state subject only to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1040 the German King Henry III invaded Bohemia but was forced to retreat by an ambush on his supply lines. However, Bretislaus was aware that he could not hold out indefinitely against the Germans and signed a truce with Henry III. In the ensuing peace treaty Bretislaus renounced all of his conquests save for Moravia.

In 1047 Emperor Henry III negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. This pact worked in Bretislaus' favour as the Polish ruler swore never again to attack Bohemia in return for an annual subsidy to Gniezno. In 1054 Bretislaus issued the famous Seniority Law. For the first time this act stated that Bohemia and Moravia would pass directly through the senior line of the Premyslid dynasty. Younger members of the dynasty were allowed to govern Moravia, but only at the Duke's discretion.

Bretislaus was the author of decrees concerning the rules of Christianization, which included a ban on polygamy or trade on holidays.

Bretislaus died at Chrudim in 1055 during his preparation for another invasion of Hungary and was succeeded by his son Spytihnev II.

It was in 1030 that he married the aforementioned Judith. Before his death, Bretislaus organised the succession. His eldest son, Spytihnev, was to succeed him as duke of Bohemia with control over that territory. Moravia was put under the Bohemian crown, but divided between three of his younger sons. Olomouc went to Vratislaus, Znojmo went to Conrad, and Brno went to Otto. The youngest son, Jaromir, entered the church and became bishop of Prague.

Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia (1)

M, #150032, d. 1055

Last Edited=8 Jul 2005

    Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia was the son of Ulrich, Duke of Bohemia. (1) He died in 1055. (1)

Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia was a member of the House of Premysl. (1) He succeeded to the title of Duke of Bohemia in 1034. (1)
Children of Bretislav I, Duke of Bohemia

-1. Spytihnev II, Duke of Bohemia d. 1061 (1)

-2. Conrad, Duke of Bohemia+ d. 1092 (1)

-3. unknown of Bohemia+ (1)

-4. Vratislav I, King of Bohemia+ b. 1032, d. 1092 (1)

Forrás:

Břetislav I. (* um 1005; † 10. Januar 1055 in Chrudim) war ab 1035 Herzog von Böhmen aus dem Geschlecht der Přemysliden.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

[Anzeigen]

   * 1 Leben

o 1.1 Aufstieg
o 1.2 Auseinandersetzungen mit Polen und dem Reich
o 1.3 Einigung mit Polen
* 2 Literatur
* 3 Weblinks
Leben [Bearbeiten]

Aufstieg [Bearbeiten]

Břetislav I. war ein unehelicher Sohn von Herzog Oldřich. Obwohl dieser später Břetislavs Mutter, die Bauerntochter Božena (auch Beatrice genannt), heiratete, blieb die Ehe eine Mesalliance. Břetislav konnte lediglich auf den Fürstenstuhl kommen, weil keiner der Brüder seines Vaters Nachkommen hatte. Nach dem Chronisten Cosmas von Prag begegnete Oldřich Božena etwa 1002 in Postoloprty. Es ist aber zu vermuten, dass er sie bereits vor 1002 heiratete.

Břetislav wird von Cosmas das erste Mal zum Jahr 1021 erwähnt. Er soll seine spätere Frau Judith von Schweinfurt, die Tochter Heinrichs von Nordgau, aus einem Nonnenkloster in Schweinfurt entführt haben. Nach der Rückkehr ließen sich Břetislav und Judith in Mähren nieder. Sein Herrschersitz wurde Olomouc. Er baute dort neue Burgen. In Olomouc wurde auch sein erster Sohn Spytihněv geboren.

Ab 1029 war Břetislav daran beteiligt, die Polen zu vertreiben, die große Teile von Mähren besetzt hielten. Diese Offensive wurde begünstigt durch den gleichzeitigen Angriff Jaroslaws von Kiew auf Polen. Břetislavs Erfolg in Mähren trug maßgeblich zur vorübergehende Stabilisierung des böhmischen Fürstentums unter seinem Vater Oldřich bei. Břetislav erhielt Mähren als Teilfürstentum und versuchte 1031, auch in der südlichen Slowakei Gebiete zu besetzen, dies jedoch ohne dauernden Erfolg.

Nachdem sein Vater im Sommer 1033 auf Befehl des Kaisers Konrad II. gefangen genommen worden war, sollte Břetislav mit Mähren belehnt werden. Von dort wurde er jedoch durch Oldřich vertrieben, nachdem dieser 1034 aus der kaiserlichen Gefangenschaft freigelassen worden war. Der Grund für die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Vater und Sohn ist nicht mehr zu ermitteln. Man vermutet, dass der junge Fürst auf der Seite seines Onkels Jaromír stand, den Oldřich hatte blenden und einkerkern lassen. Am 9. November 1034 starb Oldřich. Jaromír verzichtete zu Gunsten seines Neffen Břetislav darauf, die Nachfolge seines Bruders anzutreten. Ein Jahr später, am 4. November 1035, wurde Jaromír vermutlich von Angehörigen des konkurrierenden Geschlechts der Vršovci ermordet.

Auseinandersetzungen mit Polen und dem Reich [Bearbeiten]

Im Jahr 1035 kämpfte Břetislav an der Seite des Kaisers gegen die Liutizen, die die inzwischen nicht mehr existierende Burg Werben in der Altmark überfallen hatten. Überhaupt band er sich zunächst eng an das Reich, wobei er wohl von der Herkunft seiner Frau profitierte. Im gleichen Maß wie sich Böhmen unter Břetislav stabilisierte, verschlimmerte sich die Krise Polens. Břetislav nutzte diese Lage. Im Sommer 1039 führte er einen Raubzug nach Polen. Die meisten Burgen ergaben sich kampflos. Er ließ Krakau und andere Städte plündern und eroberte Ende Juli Gnesen. Der Kriegszug wurde neben vielen Adligen auch von einem Teil der Kirchenfürsten begleitet, unter anderem vom Prager Bischof Šebíř. Nach dem Öffnen des Grabes von Adalbert (tschechisch Vojtěch, polnisch Wojciech), ließ der Fürst die Břetislav-Dekrete verlesen, die den Toten zur freiwilligen Rückkehr nach Böhmen bewegen sollten. Gemeinsam mit den Gebeinen Vojtěchs nahm er auch die sterblichen Überreste seines Stiefbruders Radim-Gaudentius mit, des ersten Erzbischofs von Gnesen. Vermutlich war die Inbesitznahme der Reliquien der eigentliche Grund des Feldzuges; gleichzeitig schwächte er durch die Besetzung Schlesiens, Gnesens und Mährens die Macht Polens. Mit Hilfe der Reliquien sollte Prag von einem Mainzer Suffraganbistum zum eigenen böhmischen Erzbistum aufgewertet werden und die Nachfolge Gnesens antreten. Entsprechende Pläne wurden mit einer Gesandtschaft nach Rom verfolgt, stießen aber auf erbitterten Widerstand des Mainzer Erzbischofs.

Kaiser Heinrich III. schloss sich dieser Haltung an. Zudem verlangte er die Freigabe Polens, bei dem es sich wie bei Böhmen um ein Vasallenfürstentum des Reiches handelte, und einen hohen Straftribut, den Břetislav nicht zu zahlen bereit war. 1039 konnte Břetislav einen Feldzug noch abwenden, indem er seinen Sohn Spytihněv dem Kaiser als Geisel übergab. 1040, nachdem Břetislav keine Einsicht zeigte, brach Heinrich III. dann doch zum Feldzug gegen Böhmen auf. Der Angriff erfolgte im August. Der erste Teil der Armee sollte mit Heinrich von Cham aus über Taus einmarschieren. Kern dieser Truppen waren Bayern und Hessen. Sachsen unter der Führung des Markgrafen Ekkehard II. von Meißen sollten über Nordböhmen einmarschieren. Heinrich stieß bald auf böhmische Befestigungen, die seinen Vormarsch zum Stocken brachten. Am 22./23. August versuchte Heinrich vergeblich, diese Befestigungen zu überwinden, und zog sich nach verlustreichen Kämpfen um den Neumarker Pass, in denen er auch seinen Bannerträger Werner mit der gesamten Vorhut verlor, wieder nach Bayern zurück. Auch Otto von Schweinfurt, der kurz darauf mit frischen Soldaten zum Kaiser stoßen sollte, war auf seinem Weg nach Böhmen in verlustreiche Kämpfe verwickelt worden. Ekkehard hatte es im Norden einfacher. Ihm gelang es, den Kastellan von Bilin zu bestechen, der sich ihm entgegenstellen sollte. Ekkehard kam bis tief in das Innere des Landes, musste sich aber dann doch zurückziehen. Prkoš, dem Kastellan von Bílina, wurden für seinen Verrat die Augen ausgestochen und die Hände und Füße abgehackt. Anschließend wurde er in einen Fluss geworfen.

Der Feldzug hatte zu Verlusten auf beiden Seiten geführt. Im Frühjahr 1041 schickte Břetislav Gesandte zu Heinrich. Die Verhandlungen blieben offenbar erfolglos, denn ein kaiserliches Heer marschierte im Spätsommer erneut in Böhmen ein, diesmal mit mehr Erfolg. Am 8. September standen die Truppen vor Prag. Am 29. September 1041 ergab sich Břetislav und musste sich im Oktober in Regensburg dem Kaiser unterwerfen. Die Bedingungen, die Břetislav erfüllen musste, waren vergleichsweise milde: Er durfte Schlesien, Mähren und die Gebeine Adalberts behalten, wurde sogar offiziell mit Mähren belehnt, das ab diesem Zeitpunkt nahezu unangefochten im böhmischen Staatsverband blieb. Im Gegenzug musste Břetislav an Polen aber Entschädigung zahlen, Gefangene freilassen und Geiseln stellen. Ein Grund für die milde Behandlung dürften Umwälzungen in Ungarn gewesen sein, bei denen der reichsfreundliche König Peter Orseolo vertrieben worden war. Heinrich III. brauchte Böhmen als Pufferzone gegen Ungarn.

Einigung mit Polen [Bearbeiten]

Břetislav kam in den folgenden Jahren seinen Verpflichtungen als Vasall des Kaisers nach. Im Sommer 1042 nahm er an einem Feldzug Heinrichs gegen die Ungarn teil. Der nach dem Sieg eingesetzte neue ungarische König konnte sich allerdings nicht lange halten. 1050 scheint es zu erneuten Konflikten mit Polen gekommen zu sein, in deren Verlauf der polnische König Kasimir einen Teil des 1041 Böhmen zugesprochenen Landes wieder in seinen Besitz bringen konnte. 1044 und 1051 war Břetislav an weiteren Feldzügen nach Ungarn beteiligt. Den dritten Feldzug 1054 bereitete er mit vor, nahm aber nicht mehr an ihm teil. Noch zu Lebzeiten Břetislavs versuchte Heinrich, den andauernden Streit zwischen den Vasalenreichen Polen und Böhmen zu schlichten. Während des Pfingstfestes 1053 setzte Heinrich in Quedlinburg durch, dass Breslau und andere Burgen an Polen zurückgegeben wurden. Polen musste dafür an Böhmen jährliche Abgaben leisten. Die genaueren Bedingungen dieses Abkommens sind unbekannt.

Innenpolitisch organisierte Břetislav Böhmen neu und baute eine Verwaltung auf, die sich an den Burgbezirken orientierte, ordnete das Münzwesen und erließ zahlreiche Gesetze, unter anderem eine Erbfolgeordnung, mit der das Prinzip des Seniorats eingeführt wurde. Břetislav bestimmte seinen ältesten Sohn Spytihněv II. zum Nachfolger, die jüngeren Söhne darunter auch die späteren Fürsten Vratislav II. und Konrad I. und Otto I. erhielten Teilfürstentümer. Seine Tochter Judith von Böhmen heiratete um 1080 den polnischen Herzog Władysław I. Herman.

Břetislav starb am 10. Januar 1055 bei einem Besuch in Chrudim und wurde im Prager Veitsdom beigesetzt.

Literatur [Bearbeiten]

   * Barbara Krzemieńska: Břetislav I. Čechy a střední Evropa v prvé polovině XI. století. garamond, edice Historica, 1999, ISBN 80-901760-7-0

Weblinks [Bearbeiten]

   * genealogie-mittelalter.de

* Aufsatz von 1870 zum Böhmenfeldzug 1039-1041 PDF (1,63 MB)
* Kurzvita auf der offiziellen Seite von Brünn

http://genealogy.euweb.cz/bohemia/bohemia1.html#K2

THE PREMYSLIDS

Duke Borzivoy I of Bohemia, +894, became a Christian 845; m.St.Ludmila (+16.9.927), dau.of Slavibor ze Psova

   * A1. Duke Spitignev I of Bohemia (894-905), *875, +905/15, bur Prague; m.NN

* A2. Duke Vratislav I of Bohemia (905-921), *888, +13.2.921, bur St.George, Prague; m.Drahomira ze Stodor (+in exile after 935)
o B1. Duke Václav I "Svatý" "the Holy" of Bohemia (921-935), *911, +murdered by his brother at Stara Boleslav ca 28.9.935, bur St.Kosmas and Damian, St.Boleslav, then St.Veit, Prague
o B2. Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia (935-967/72), +15.7.973/6; m.Biagota N
+ C1. Duke Boleslav II of Bohemia (967/72-999), +7.2.999, bur St.George, Prague; m.Hemma/Elgiva of England (+1005)
# D1. Václav, +young
# D2. Duke Boleslav III of Bohemia (999-V.1002)+(II.-III.1003), blinded and deposed 1003, +as a Polish prisoner in unknown monastery 1035; m.Predslava N
# D3. Duke Jaromír of Bohemia (V.1002-II.1003)+(7.9.1004-12.4.1012)+(1033-34), blinded 1034, +Lysa nad Labem 4.11.1035, bur Prague (?)
# D4. Duke Udalrich=Oldrich of Bohemia (12.4.1012-1033)+(1034), +9.11.1034, bur St.George, Prague; he had illegitimate issue by (?2.m.) Bozena N (+1052/5)
* E1. Bretislav I, Duke of Moravia (1025-31), Duke of Bohemia (1034-55), *ca 1002, +Chrudim 10.1.1055, bur St.Veit, Prague; m.Olomouc 1022-29 Judith von Schweinfurt (+2.8.1058)
o F1. Spitignev II, Duke of Moravia (1049-54), Duke of Bohemia (1055-61), *1031, +28.1.1061, bur St.Veit, Prague; m.Hidda von Eilenburg
+ G1. Svatobor=Friedrich, Patriarch of Aquileia, +23.2.1086
+ G2. a daughter, m.Wichmann of Celle
o F2. Vratislav II, Duke in Olmütz (1055-56)+(1058-61), Duke of Bohemia (1061-85), King of Bohemia (1085-92), *ca 1032, +(Vysehrad) 14.1.1092, bur St.Peter and Paul, Vysehrad, Prague; 1m: Maria N; 2m: 1057 Adelaide of Hungary (+27.1.1062); 3m: 1062 Swatawa of Poland (+1.9.1126)
+ G1. [2m.] Duke Bretislav II of Bohemia (1092-1100), +murdered nr Zbecno 22.12.1100, bur St.Veit, Prague; m.1094 Liutgarde von Bogen (+31.12.1094)
# H1. Bretislav, blinded 1130, +8.3.1130(?)
+ G2. [2m.] Judith, +25.12.1086; m.ca 1080 Pr Wladislaw I of Poland (+4.6.1102)
+ G3. [2m.] Vratislav, +19.11.1061
+ G4. [2m.] Ludmila, a nun
+ G5. [3m.] Boleslav, Duke in Olmütz (1090-91), *ca 1064, +11.8.1091
+ G6. [3m.] Borzivoy II, Duke in Znaim and Brünn (1099-1100), Duke of Bohemia (1101-07)+(1117-20), *ca 1064, +in Hungary 2.2.1124, bur St.Veit, Prague; m.Gerberga of Austria (+13.7.1142)
# H1. Jaromir, +by 1135; m.NN
* I1. Heinrich/Konrad, +1167
# H2. Spitignev, +3.1.1157
# H3. Lupold, fl 1143
# H4. Boleslav, fl 1146
# H5. Albrecht, +7.4. before 1124
# H6. Richza, +27.2. before 1124
+ G7. [3m.] Duke Vladislav I of Bohemia (1109-17)+(1120-25), +12.4.1125, bur Kladruby monastery; m.Richza von Berg (+27.9.1125); for his descendants see HERE
+ G8. [3m.] Sobieslav I Udalrich, Duke in Znaim and Brünn (1115-23), Duke of Bohemia (1125-40), *ca 1075/90, +Hostinne 14.2.1140, bur St.Peter and Paul, Vysehrad, Prague; m.1123 Adelaide of Hungary (*ca 1105/7 +15.9.1140)
# H1. Vladislav, fl 1138, +1165; m.N, dau.of Albrecht "der Bear"
# H2. Duke Sobieslav II of Bohemia (1173-78), *1128, +9.1.1180, bur St.Peter and Paul, Vysehrad, Prague; m.1173/7 Elzbieta of Poland (*1152 +1209)
# H3. Ulrich, Duke of Bohemia 1165, Duke of Moravia in Olmütz (1173-76), *1134, +18.10.1177; 1m: Cecilie of Thuringia; 2m: Sophie of Meissen
* I1. [2m.] Agnes, a nun at Gerbstedt
# H4. Duke Václav II of Bohemia and Margrave of Moravia (IX-XII.1191), *1137, +a prisoner of the Margrave of Meissen ca 1192
# H5. Marie; 1m: 1138 Margrave Leopold IV of Austria (+18.10.1141); 2m: Mgve Hermann III of Baden (+1153/60)
+ G9. [3m.] Judith, +9.12.1108; m.1088 Wiprecht von Groitzsch, Bggf von Magdeburg (+22.5.1124)
o F3. Konrad I, Duke in Brünn (1055-56)+(1061-92), Duke in Znaim (1061-92), Duke of Bohemia (1092), +6.9.1092, bur St.Peter and Paul, Vysehrad, Prague; m.Wirpirk N
+ G1. Udalrich, Duke of Moravia in Brünn (1092-99)+(1100-13), +27.3.1113; m.NN
# H1. Vratislav, Duke of Moravia in Brünn (1125-29)+(1130-56), +1156; m.1132 N of Halicz
* I1. Spitignev, Duke in Brünn (1174-77), +1198/9
* I2. Svatopluk, Duke in Brünn (1195-97), +by 5.6.1201/1197 ?
* I3. Agnes, +by 1197
+ G2. Lupold (Luitold), Duke of Moravia in Znaim (1092-99)+(1101-12), +15.3.1112; m.Ida (Uda) von Babenberg (+1115)
# H1. Konrád II, Duke in Znaim (1123-28)+(1134-61), Duke of Moravia 1160; m.1132 Maria of Serbia (+1190/96)
* I1. Ernst, +after 17.9.1156
* I2. Konrád III Otto, Duke in Znaim (1161-82) in Brünn (1177-82) in Olmütz (1180-82), Margrave of Moravia (1182-91), Duke of Bohemia (1182)+(1189-91), *1136-40, +nr Naples 9.9.1191, bur Montecassino monastery, Italy, then St.Veit, Prague; m.before 1176 Heilika von Wittelsbach (+after 1189)
* I3. Helena, +1202/6; m.ca 1163 Kazimierz II of Poland, Pr of Kujavia and Masovia
o F4. Jaromír Gebhard, Bp of Prague (15.6.1068-1090), Chancellor to Emperor Heinrich IV (11.6.1077-VII.1084), *ca 1040, +Gran (Hungary) 26.9.1090
o F5. Otto I, Duke in Znaim (1055-56), Duke in Olmütz (1061-87), +9.7.1087; m.before 1073 Eufemie of Hungary (+2.4.1111)
+ G1. Svatopluk II, Duke of Moravia in Olmütz (1091-1107), Duke of Bohemia (1107-09), +murdered 21.9.1109, bur Kladruby monastery (?); m.NN
# H1. Václav, Duke of Moravia in Olmütz (1126-30), *1107, +1.8.1130
+ G2. Otto II "the Black", Duke in Brünn (1123-25), in Olmütz (1091-1110)+(1113-26), +18.2.1126; m.after 1113 Sofie von Berg (+31.5. ?)
# H1. Otto III Detleb, Duke in Olmütz (1140-60), *1122 +12.5.1160; m.Durantia N (+after 13.12.1160)
* I1. Vladimir, Duke in Olmütz (1185-?), *1145, +before 11.12.1200
* I2. Bretislav in Lundenburg (1185-96), +by 1201
o J1. Siegfried, a canon in Olmütz, +1227
* I3. Svatava, +by 1160
* I4. Maria, fl 1198
* I5. Durantia, fl 1198
* I6. Euphemia, fl 1198
* I7. Hedwig, +after 16.1.1160
# H2. Svatopluk, fl 1146
# H3. Euphemia, *1115, +after 1144; m.btw 13.12.1143/6.1.1144 Pr Sviatopolk of Novgorod (+1154)
+ G3. Bohuslava, fl 1078
o F6. Demudis, +young
* E2. Vratislav, a canon in Prague 1055
# D5. Luta, fl ca 1026
+ C2. Strachkvas=Kristian, a monk, *935/6, +28.9.996
+ C3. Dobrava, +977; m.963-965 Pr Mieszko I of Poland (+992)
+ C4. Mlada=Maria, Abbess of St.Georg, Prague 967
o B3. Spitignev, +young
o B4. Pribislava; m.before 938 NN
Rulers of Bohemia

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Last updated 20th January 2005

Bretislaus I (Czech: Břetislav) (born between 1002 and 1005, died 10 January 1055), known as The Bohemian Achilles, of the house of the Premyslids, was the duke of Bohemia from 1035 till death.

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt (Jitka), a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, margrave Henry of Schweinfurt of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

In 1035 Bretislaus helped Emperor Conrad II in his war against the Lusatians. In 1039 he invaded Little and Great Poland, captured Poznan and sacked Gniezno, bringing the relics of St Adalbert back with him. On the way back he conquered part of Silesia including Wrocław. His main goal was to set up an archbishopric in Prague and create a large state subject only to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1040 the German King Henry III invaded Bohemia but was forced to retreat after he lost the battle at Brudek. However, the following year Henry III. invaded again, skirted the border defences and laid siege to Bretislaus in Prague. Forced by a mutiny among his nobles and betrayed by his bishop, Bretislaus had to renounce all of his conquests save for Moravia.

In 1047 Emperor Henry III negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. This pact worked in Bretislaus' favour as the Polish ruler swore never again to attack Bohemia in return for an annual subsidy to Gniezno. In 1054 Bretislaus issued the famous Seniority Law. For the first time this act stated that Bohemia and Moravia would pass directly through the senior line of the Premyslid dynasty. Younger members of the dynasty were allowed to govern Moravia, but only at the Duke's discretion.

Bretislaus was the author of decrees concerning the rules of Christianization, which included a ban on polygamy or trade on holidays.

Bretislaus died at Chrudim in 1055 during his preparation for another invasion of Hungary and was succeeded by his son Spytihnev II.

It was in 1030 that he married the aforementioned Judith. Before his death, Bretislaus organised the succession. His eldest son, Spytihnev, was to succeed him as duke of Bohemia with control over that territory. Moravia was put under the Bohemian crown, but divided between three of his younger sons. Olomouc went to Vratislaus, Znojmo went to Conrad, and Brno went to Otto. The youngest son, Jaromir, entered the church and became bishop of Prague.

Bretislaus I of Bohemia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bretislaus I (Czech: Břetislav) (born between 1002 and 1005, died 10 January 1055), known as The Bohemian Achilles, of the house of the Premyslids, was the duke of Bohemia from 1035 till death.

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt (Jitka), a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, margrave Henry of Schweinfurt of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

In 1035 Bretislaus helped Emperor Conrad II in his war against the Lusatians. In 1039 he invaded Little and Great Poland, captured Poznan and sacked Gniezno, bringing the relics of St Adalbert back with him. On the way back he conquered part of Silesia including Wrocław. His main goal was to set up an archbishopric in Prague and create a large state subject only to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1040 the German King Henry III invaded Bohemia but was forced to retreat after he lost the battle at Brudek. However, the following year Henry III. invaded again, skirted the border defences and laid siege to Bretislaus in Prague. Forced by a mutiny among his nobles and betrayed by his bishop, Bretislaus had to renounce all of his conquests save for Moravia.

In 1047 Emperor Henry III negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. This pact worked in Bretislaus' favour as the Polish ruler swore never again to attack Bohemia in return for an annual subsidy to Gniezno. In 1054 Bretislaus issued the famous Seniority Law. For the first time this act stated that Bohemia and Moravia would pass directly through the senior line of the Premyslid dynasty. Younger members of the dynasty were allowed to govern Moravia, but only at the Duke's discretion.

Bretislaus was the author of decrees concerning the rules of Christianization, which included a ban on polygamy or trade on holidays.

Bretislaus died at Chrudim in 1055 during his preparation for another invasion of Hungary and was succeeded by his son Spytihnev II.

It was in 1030 that he married the aforementioned Judith. Before his death, Bretislaus organised the succession. His eldest son, Spytihnev, was to succeed him as duke of Bohemia with control over that territory. Moravia was put under the Bohemian crown, but divided between three of his younger sons. Olomouc went to Vratislaus, Znojmo went to Conrad, and Brno went to Otto. The youngest son, Jaromir, entered the church and became bishop of Prague.

Name: Duke Bretislav I of Bohemia

Sex: M

Name: Duke Bretislav of Bohemia

Birth: 1005 in <Praha, Praha, Czechoslovakia>

Birth: ABT. 1002 in Praha, Bohemia

Birth: 1005

Birth: ABT. 1022

Death: 10 JAN 1054/55

Death: 1055

Death: 10 JAN 1054/55 in Chrudim

Bretislaus I (Czech: Břetislav) (born between 1002 and 1005, died 10 January 1055), known as The Bohemian Achilles, of the house of the Premyslids, was the duke of Bohemia from 1035 till death.

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt (Jitka), a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, margrave Henry of Schweinfurt of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

In 1035 Bretislaus helped Emperor Conrad II in his war against the Lusatians. In 1039 he invaded Little and Great Poland, captured Poznan and sacked Gniezno, bringing the relics of St Adalbert back with him. On the way back he conquered part of Silesia including Wrocław. His main goal was to set up an archbishopric in Prague and create a large state subject only to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1040 the German King Henry III invaded Bohemia but was forced to retreat after he lost the battle at Brudek. However, the following year Henry III. invaded again, skirted the border defences and laid siege to Bretislaus in Prague. Forced by a mutiny among his nobles and betrayed by his bishop, Bretislaus had to renounce all of his conquests save for Moravia.

In 1047 Emperor Henry III negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. This pact worked in Bretislaus' favour as the Polish ruler swore never again to attack Bohemia in return for an annual subsidy to Gniezno. In 1054 Bretislaus issued the famous Seniority Law. For the first time this act stated that Bohemia and Moravia would pass directly through the senior line of the Premyslid dynasty. Younger members of the dynasty were allowed to govern Moravia, but only at the Duke's discretion.

Bretislaus was the author of decrees concerning the rules of Christianization, which included a ban on polygamy or trade on holidays.

Bretislaus died at Chrudim in 1055 during his preparation for another invasion of Hungary and was succeeded by his son Spytihnev II.

It was in 1030 that he married the aforementioned Judith. Before his death, Bretislaus organised the succession. His eldest son, Spytihnev, was to succeed him as duke of Bohemia with control over that territory. Moravia was put under the Bohemian crown, but divided between three of his younger sons. Olomouc went to Vratislaus, Znojmo went to Conrad, and Brno went to Otto. The youngest son, Jaromir, entered the church and became bishop of Prague.

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Bretislaus I of Bohemia is kidnapping his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt from a monastery. From the Chronicle of Dalimil.Bretislaus I (Czech: Břetislav) (born between 1002 and 1005, died 10 January 1055), known as The Bohemian Achilles, of the house of the Přemyslids, was the duke of Bohemia from 1035 till death.

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt (Jitka), a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, margrave Henry of Schweinfurt of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.

In 1035 Bretislaus helped Emperor Conrad II in his war against the Lusatians. In 1039 he invaded Little and Great Poland, captured Poznan and sacked Gniezno, bringing the relics of St Adalbert back with him. On the way back he conquered part of Silesia including Wrocław. His main goal was to set up an archbishopric in Prague and create a large state subject only to the Holy Roman Empire. In 1040 the German King Henry III invaded Bohemia but was forced to retreat after he lost the battle at Brudek. However, the following year Henry III invaded again, skirted the border defences and laid siege to Bretislaus in Prague. Forced by a mutiny among his nobles and betrayed by his bishop, Bretislaus had to renounce all of his conquests save for Moravia.

In 1047, Emperor Henry III negotiated a peace treaty between Bretislaus and the Poles. This pact worked in Bretislaus' favour as the Polish ruler swore never again to attack Bohemia in return for an annual subsidy to Gniezno. In 1054 Bretislaus issued the famous Seniority Law. For the first time this act stated that Bohemia and Moravia would pass directly through the senior line of the Přemyslid dynasty. Younger members of the dynasty were allowed to govern Moravia, but only at the Duke's discretion.

Bretislaus was the author of decrees concerning the rules of Christianization, which included a ban on polygamy or trade on holidays.

Bretislaus died at Chrudim in 1055 during his preparation for another invasion of Hungary and was succeeded by his son Spytihnev II.

It was in 1030 that he married the aforementioned Judith. Before his death, Bretislaus organised the succession. His eldest son, Spytihnev, was to succeed him as duke of Bohemia with control over that territory. Moravia was put under the Bohemian crown, but divided between three of his younger sons. Olomouc went to Vratislaus, Znojmo went to Conrad, and Brno went to Otto. The youngest son, Jaromir, entered the church and became bishop of Prague.

Regnal titles Preceded by Oldrich Duke of Bohemia 1035–1055 Succeeded by Spytihnev II

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretislaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia

Bretislaus was a son of duke Oldrich and his would-be wife Božena. In 1019, at Schweinfurt, he kidnapped his future wife Judith of Schweinfurt (Jitka), a daughter of a Bavarian magnate, margrave Henry of Schweinfurt of Nordgau.

During his father’s reign, in 1029, he took back Moravia from Poland. About 1031 Bretislaus invaded Hungary in order to prevent its expansion under king Stephen. The partition of Bohemia between Oldřich and his brother Jaromir in 1034 was probably the reason why Bretislaus fled beyond Bohemian border only to come back to take the throne after Jaromir’s abdication.