Hokolesqua, Sachem Cornstalk

The parents of Hokolesqua, known as Cornstalk, are not known with certainty. He said in a speech that his father was White Fish, a Shawnee man. The Moravian Missionaries say he was the son or grandson of Paxinosa. Okawela is seen as Cornstalk’s father, but not as son of Paxinosa.

In any case he was not the son of anyone named Opeechan Stream.

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Family

Based on Sugden, John (1999). "Cornstalk". American National Biography. Oxford University Press.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornstalk

Little is known of Cornstalk's early life, as he does not clearly appear in historical records until 1764.[1] His year of birth is unknown; some early writings estimate it at 1720, although this date is undocumented.[2] His name in the Shawnee language, Hokoleskwa ("a blade of corn"), was also recorded in colonial records as Colesqua, Keightughqua, and Semachquaan, with several spelling variations.

The Ohio Shawnees had initially been concentrated in two major towns, Wakatomica on the Muskingum and Lower Shawneetown on the Ohio River. In 1758, Lower Shawneetown was abandoned in favor of multiple, smaller towns up the Scioto River.[5]

In the 1760s, Cornstalk established his own town on the Scioto, as did his sister, Nonhelema, known to colonists as the "Grenadier Squaw."[6]

Cornstalk's brothers *Nimwha and * Silver Heels were also notable Shawnee leaders.[1]

Wives and Children

https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Shawnee-45

There is no reliable source for the name of a wife or wives.

Cornstalk had at least two children, and two more possible:

Cutemwha (The Wolf) In the 1780s, Cutemwha (also known as Piaseka or Biaseka), would emerge an important Shawnee chief.[7]

Allanawissica (also called Elinipsico).[1] Elinipsico died with his father at Point Pleasant. [3] [8]

Wissecapoway aka Captain Morgan, was a Shawnee held captive by Lord Dunmore during 1775 in Williamsburg, VA. He is also said to be a son of Cornstalk, the Shawnee Chief. [9] Dunmore later released him. Nothing more is known about him.

An unnamed daughter was mentioned in the pension application of a Henry Aleshite who stated he was at Point Pleasant when Cornstalk and a white man who was married to Cornstalk's daughter were murdered. Her name is not given, nor is the name of the 'white man.' [10]

Peter Cornstalk (Wynepeuchsika), a noted Shawnee chief, was apparently not Cornstalk's son, as is sometimes written.[11]

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Source: Sugden, John. Cornstalk, in American National Biography, Oxford University Press,1999. access needed

Family notes

Schutz notes that Cornstalk’s ‘siblings were Nonhelema ( "grenadier Squaw"; Catherine), Silverheels, and Nimwha. Some say his father was Paxinosa, ‘Hard Striker’ (not the father of Tecumseh as some think in error, but a well-known Pennsylvania Shawnee chief). Some of his children that have been mentioned are Oceano, Elinipso (Elinipisco, Elinispisco Nipseko), Aracroma (The Aracroma legend, married Boiling Baker), Greenbrier (name from the Greenbrier area of the Kanawha River?), Bluesky, Wynepuechiska (Peter), Wissecapoway, Piaserka (The Wolf). Other names mentioned are Mary, Elizabeth, Esther, Peter, Nern-Pe-Nes-Quah. Keigh-taugh-quah. Elizabeth See was a white captive Cornstalk married prior to her repatriation. Cornstalk is said to have been born in western Pennsylvania at least by 1720, but some say 1708 or 1710, and moved with his family when he was about 10 to Ohio.

http://shawnee-bluejacket.com/chiefs.html

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Biography

http://shawnee-bluejacket.com/chiefs.html

”It is better for us to die like warriors than to diminish away by inches. The cause of the red man is just, and I hope that the Creator who governs everything will favor us." Statement supposedly made by Chief Cornstalk prior to the Battle of Point Pleasant during Dunmore's War, Oct. 1774

Hokolewska (ca. 1720 – November 10, 1777) — known as Cornstalk — was an important 18th century leader of the Shawnee people. In the Shawnee language, his name meant "blade of corn". His name was spelled a variety of ways, including Colesqua and Keigh-tugh-qua.

considered by some to have been an ally of the British in the Revolution

Cornstalk and the rest of the Shawnee people migrated into present-day Ohio in the 1730s, pushed by European colonial encroachment into their traditional lands. He and his tribesmen participated in many battles against the English settlers of Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio. His death came at a time when he had been at peace with the whites. His effort to warn the fort of impending plans of massacre by militant natives defines the reputation of this Native American hero.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornstalk

Cornstalk, Red Hawk and another Indian were taken as hostages. The Americans believed that they could use him to keep the other tribes from attacking. They forced the Native Americans into a standoff for none of them wanted to risk the life of their leader. Cornstalk’s name not only stuck fear into hearts of the white settlers up and down the frontier, but it also garnered respect from the other Indian tribes. He was gifted with great oratory skills, fighting ability and military genius. In fact, it was said that when his fighting tactics were adopted by the Americans, they were able to defeat the British in a number of battles where they had been both outnumbered and outgunned.

Although taken as hostage, Cornstalk and the other Indians were treated well and were given comfortable quarters, leading many to wonder if the chief’s hostage status may have been voluntary in the beginning. Cornstalk even assisted his captors in plotting maps of the Ohio River Valley during his imprisonment. On November 9, Cornstalk’s son, Ellinipisco, came to the fort to see his father and he was also detained.

The following day, gunfire was heard from outside the walls of the fort, coming from the direction of the Kanawha River. When men went out to investigate, they discovered that two soldiers who had left the stockade to hunt deer had been ambushed by Indians. One of them had escaped but the other man had been killed.

When his bloody corpse was returned to the fort, the soldiers in the garrison were enraged. Acting against orders, they broke into the quarters were Cornstalk and the other Indians were being held. Even though the men had nothing to do with the crime, they decided to execute the prisoners as revenge. As the soldiers burst through the doorway, Cornstalk rose to meet them. It was said that he stood facing the soldiers with such bravery that they paused momentarily in their attack. It wasn’t enough though and the soldiers opened fire with their muskets. Red Hawk tried to escape up through the chimney but was pulled back down and slaughtered. Ellinipisico was shot where he had been sitting on a stool and the other unknown Indian was strangled to death. As for Cornstalk, he was shot eight times before he fell to the floor.

And as he lay there dying in the smoke-filled room, he was said to have pronounced his now legendary curse. The stories say that he looked upon his assassins and spoke to them: “I was the border man’s friend. Many times I have saved him and his people from harm. I never warred with you, but only to protect our wigwams and lands. I refused to join your paleface enemies with the red coats. I came to the fort as your friend and you murdered me. You have murdered by my side, my young son.... For this, may the curse of the Great Spirit rest upon this land. May it be blighted by nature. May it even be blighted in its hopes. May the strength of its peoples be paralyzed by the stain of our blood.”

http://www.prairieghosts.com/cornstalk.html

Young Hokolesqua Cornstalk of Chalakatha/Mekoche (Shawnee) lineage became Chief of the 20 tribe Northern Confederacy in the Ohio Valley in 1755 serving until his death in 1777. He was the first “Chief Peter Cornstalk”, given the name by whites due to his height of over 6 ft 6 and his flowing white hair, “Cornstalk”.

===links=== * [http://www.newrivernotes.com/topical_books_1850_virginia_cornstalk_... Cornstalk, The Shawnee Chief] by Rev. William Henry Foote Published in the Southern Literary Messenger.  Volume 16, Issue 9, pp. 533-540, Richmond, Virginia. 1850 Transcribed by Valerie F. Crook, 1998

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Also known as Cornstalk

Cornstalk was a leader of the Shawnee Indians. He was born about 1720. His Indian name was variously pronounced as Hokolesqua, Colesqua and Keigh-tugh-qua and was freely translated to mean "blade of corn". Little is known about his early years. In all likelihood, he was born in Pennsylvania, the home of the Shawnee in the 1720s, and then moved to Ohio around 1730 with most of the Shawnee people.

• His murder by American militiamen at Fort Randolph during a diplomatic visit in November 1777 outraged both American Indians and Virginians.

During the French and Indian War, Cornstalk and the Shawnees sided with the French. They feared that English settlers would come rapidly into the Ohio Country if they were not stopped. Cornstalk led raiding parties into western Virginia, hoping to drive the English away from Shawnee territory. He also played an active part in Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763. Colonel Henry Bouquet defeated the Shawnee in 1764. To assure that the natives would sign a peace treaty ending the rebellion, Bouquet seized several hostages, including Cornstalk. The Shawnee agreed not to take up arms against the English again.

During the next decade, fighting did occur between the English and the Ohio natives. Cornstalk tried to peacefully ease the tensions, but the arrival of more white settlers placed him in the minority as to how to deal with the whites. By the spring of 1774, violence was constant. On May 3, 1774, a group of English colonists killed eleven Mingo Indians. At least two of them were relatives of Logan, a leader of the Mingos in the Ohio Country. Upon hearing of the murders, many Mingos and Shawnees demanded retribution. Some, like Cornstalk, urged conciliation. Cornstalk and most other Shawnee Indians promised to protect English fur traders in the Ohio Country from retaliatory attacks since the traders were innocent. Logan, however, was not easily convinced, and Shawnee and Mingo chiefs permitted him to attack the parties responsible for his family members' murders - British colonists living south of the Ohio River.

Logan took approximately two dozen warriors to exact revenge on the colonists. He did not go into Kentucky. Rather he traveled into western Pennsylvania. There, his followers killed thirteen settlers before returning back across the Ohio River. Captain John Connolly, commander of Fort Pitt, immediately prepared to attack the Ohio Country natives. John Murray, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, offered his colony's assistance. Dunmore hoped to prevent Pennsylvania's expansion into modern-day West Virginia and Kentucky. He believed the best way to do this was to place Virginia militiamen in these regions. He also hoped to benefit by opening these lands to white settlement.

In August 1774, Pennsylvania militia entered the Ohio Country and quickly destroyed seven Mingo villages, which the Indians had abandoned as the soldiers approached. At the same time, Lord Dunmore sent one thousand men to the Kanawha River in modern-day West Virginia to build a fort and attack the Shawnees. Cornstalk, who had experienced a change of heart about the white colonists as the soldiers invaded the Ohio Country, dispatched nearly one thousand Shawnee warriors to drive Dunmore's force from the region. The forces met on October 10, 1774, at what became known as the Battle of Point Pleasant. After several hours of intense fighting, the English drove Cornstalk's followers north of the Ohio River. Dunmore, with a separate force, followed the Shawnees across the river into the Ohio Country. Upon nearing the Shawnee villages on the Pickaway Plains, Dunmore stopped and asked that the Shawnees discuss a peace treaty with him. The Shawnees agreed, but while negotiations were under way, Colonel Andrew Lewis, and a detachment of Virginia militia that Dunmore had left behind at Point Pleasant, crossed the Ohio River and destroyed several Shawnee villages. Fearing that Dunmore intended to destroy them, the Shawnees immediately agreed to terms before more blood was shed.

Under this new treaty, the Shawnee Indians agreed to the terms of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768). They had to give up ownership to all lands east and south of the Ohio River. This was the first time that natives that actually lived in the Ohio Country agreed to relinquish some of their land. In addition, the Shawnees promised to return all white captives and to no longer attack English colonists traveling down the Ohio River.

Cornstalk abided by this treaty for the rest of his life. Most Shawnees did not. By 1777, the Shawnee Indians again planned to drive the white settlers from the region. This time they did so at the urging of British soldiers who sought assistance in defeating the colonists in the American Revolution. Cornstalk and his son, Elinipsico, went to Point Pleasant, the site of an American fort, to warn the whites of the impending attack. The Americans took the natives hostage. Shortly thereafter, news reached Point Pleasant that, the Shawnee had ambushed and killed an American soldier. Seeking vengeance, the colonists killed Cornstalk, his son, and other natives in American custody.

Cornstalk illustrates the division of the Native Americans in the Ohio Country. Even within the same tribe, members could not agree on how to deal with white settlers moving into the area. http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Indian+Chief+Cornstalk+&view=de... wikipedia info http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornstalk and then of course there is a curse http://www.prairieghosts.com/cornstalk.html

Determining bloodlines descending from this great warrior can be challenging: One biographer contends that this polygamous chief had 8 wives, at least one of whom was a captive (Catherine Vanderpool Sharp).

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Shawnee leader Personal details Born ca. 1720 Pennsylvania Died November 10, 1777 Fort Randolph, Virginia (now West Virginia) Cause of death Killed by soldiers from Fort Randolph Resting place Point Pleasant, West Virginia Spouse(s) Helizikinopo (1715-1756), m. ca. 1739; Ounaconoa Moytoy (1715-1755), m. ca. 1740; Catherine Vanderpool (1725-1806) or 1808, m. 1763-1777 Relations Brother of Nonhelema Children Aracoma Cornstalk, Elinipsico Cornstalk (1745-Oct. 10, 1777) Parents Moytoy II Pigeon of Tellico (of Tainesi (Cherokee)) (1687-1760), Hawwaythi [1] Known for Prominent leader of the Shawnee nation Nickname(s) Keigh-tugh-qua and Wynepuechsika

Cornstalk (Shawnee: Hokoleskwa or Hokolesqua) (ca. 1720 - November 10, 1777) was a prominent leader of the Shawnee nation just prior to the American Revolution (1775-1783). His name, Hokoleskwa, translates loosely into "stalk of corn" in English, and is spelled Colesqua in some accounts. He was also known as Keigh-tugh-qua and Wynepuechsika.

Cornstalk opposed European settlement west of the Ohio River in his youth, but he later became an advocate for peace after the Battle of Point Pleasant (1774). His murder by American militiamen at Fort Randolph during a diplomatic visit in November 1777 outraged both American Indians and Virginians.

Biography Early years Historians believe he may have been born in present-day Pennsylvania, and with his sister, Nonhelema, moved to the Ohio Country, near present-day Chillicothe, when the Shawnee fell back before expanding white settlement. Stories tell of Cornstalk's participation in the French and Indian War (1754-1763), though these are probably apocryphal. His alleged participation in Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1766) is also unverified, though he did take part in the peace negotiations.

Dunmore's War

Cornstalk monument located at Logan Elm State Memorial in Pickaway County, Ohio. Cornstalk played a central role in Dunmore's War of 1774. After the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, settlers and land speculators moved into the lands south of the Ohio River in present-day West Virginia and Kentucky. Although the Iroquois had agreed to cede the land, the Shawnee and others had not been present at the Fort Stanwix negotiations. They still claimed this area as their hunting grounds. Clashes soon took place over this. Cornstalk tried unsuccessfully to prevent escalation of the hostilities.

Attempting to block a Virginian invasion of the Ohio country, Cornstalk led a force of Shawnee and Mingo warriors at the Battle of Point Pleasant. His attack, although ferociously made, was beaten back by the Virginians. Cornstalk retreated and would reluctantly accept the Ohio River as the boundary of Shawnee lands in the Treaty of Camp Charlotte.

Cornstalk's commanding presence often impressed American colonials. A Virginia officer, Col. Benjamin Wilson, wrote of Cornstalk's speech to Lord Dunmore at Camp Charlotte in 1774: "I have heard the first orators in Virginia, Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, but never have I heard one whose powers of delivery surpassed those of Cornstalk on that occasion."

American Revolution With the American Revolution begun, Cornstalk worked to keep his people neutral. He represented the Shawnee at treaty councils at Fort Pitt in 1775 and 1776, the first Indian treaties ever negotiated by the United States. Many Shawnees nevertheless hoped to use British aid to reclaim their lands lost to the settlers. By the winter of 1776, the Shawnee were effectively divided into a neutral faction led by Cornstalk, and militant bands led by men such as Blue Jacket.

A replica of Fort Randolph, where Cornstalk was murdered. In the fall of 1777, Cornstalk made a diplomatic visit to Fort Randolph, an American fort at present-day Point Pleasant, seeking as always to maintain his faction's neutrality. Cornstalk was detained by the fort commander, who had decided on his own initiative to take hostage any Shawnees who fell into his hands. When, on November 10, an American militiaman from the fort was killed nearby by unknown Indians, angry soldiers brutally executed Cornstalk, his son Elinipsico, and two other Shawnees. Private Jacob McNeil was one of the soldiers who participated in the capture of the Shawnee Chief Cornstalk, and tried to prevent his murder at Fort Randolph (West Virginia). McNeil testified: "That he was one of the guards over the celebrated Indian chief Corn Stalk [sic: Cornstalk or Hokoleskwa] - that when he was murdered [10 Nov 1777] he this affiant did all he could to prevent it - but that it was all in vain the American (soldier)’s exasperated at the depredations of the Indians."[2]

American political and military leaders were alarmed by the murder of Cornstalk; they believed he was their only hope of securing Shawnee neutrality. At the insistence of Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia, Cornstalk's killers - whom Henry called "vile assassins" - were eventually brought to trial, but since their fellow soldiers would not testify against them, all were acquitted.

Cornstalk was originally buried at Fort Randolph.

Legacy In 1840 Cornstalk's grave was rediscovered and his remains were moved to the Mason County Courthouse grounds. In 1954 the courthouse was torn down and he was reburied in Point Pleasant. A local legend claims that he took his revenge in the 1960s by sending the mysterious Mothman to terrorize Point Pleasant.[3] Legends arose about his dying "curse" being the cause of misfortunes in the area (later supplanted by local "mothman" stories),[4][5] though no contemporary historical source mentions any such utterance by Cornstalk.

See also Chief Cornstalk Wildlife Management Area References "(Chief) Hokoleskwa Cornstalk (Colesqua) b. 1715 d. 10 November 1777". Rodovid EN. Retrieved 2013-02-18. Pension Application of Jacob McNeil "Fighting Chief Cornstalk's Remains Laid to Rest Again". The Charleston Gazette. Charleston, WV. 1954-09-21. Retrieved 2013-02-18. Troy Taylor (2002). "The Cornstalk Curse!". Ghosts of the Prairie, Haunted West Virginia. Retrieved 2013-02-18. "Welcome to Point Pleasant, West Virginia!". Mason County Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 2013-02-18. Downes, Randolph C. Council Fires on the Upper Ohio. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1940. Kellogg, Louise Phelps. "Cornstalk" in the Dictionary of American Biography, vol II. New York: Scribner, 1928. Sugden, John. "Cornstalk" in American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 1999. Roosevelt, Theodore. The winning of the West, Volume 1 G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1889 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In the fall of 1777, Cornstalk made a diplomatic visit to Fort Randolph, an American fort at present-day Point Pleasant, seeking as always to maintain his faction's neutrality. Because of the indians' perceived disrespect by the white settlers and the disregard of the Treaty of Camp Charlotte, Cornstalk and others, including his son Chief Elinipsico, went to Point Pleasant in to to dicuss the matter and provide warning to the Virginia and Ohio settlement parties about growing indian resentment and unrest. Chief Cornstalk, Elinipsico, Red Hawk, and Patella got as far as the Fort at Point Pleasant, WV to report of the pending trouble. One account indicates that Elinipisico had arrived t the fort after his father, just to check on his welfare as he had been gone for some time. One account indicates that Cornstalk was detained by the fort commander, who had decided on his own initiative to take hostage any Shawnees who fell into his hands. Others indicate Cornstalk was there willingly and engaged in discussions and negotiations. In any event, while Cornstalk was there, on November 10, an American militiaman from the fort was ambushed, killed, and scalped nearby by unknown Indians. The soldier's body was brought back to the fort by canoe. The following excerpt from "Cornstalk, The Shawnee Chief" by Rev. William Henry Foote, published in the Southern Literary Magazine, Vol. 16, Issue 9, pp. 533 - 540, Richmond, VA, 1850 tells what transpired immediately afterwards. "But the canoe had scarcely touched the shore until the cry was raised -- let us kill the Indians in the fort;- and every man, with his gun in his hand, came up the bank pale with rage. Capt. Hall was at their head and leader. Capt. Arbuckle and I [Capt. Stuart] met them, endeavored to dissuade them from so unjustifiable an action; but they cocked their guns, threatened us with instant death if we did not desist, and rushed by us into the fort." Cornstalk had led the expedition, years before, by which Gilmore's family had been murdered: Cornstalk was now in the Fort. Elinipsico, his son, had come the day before; and now Indians had just killed Gilmore. These men must be a sacrifice. These feeling governed Hall and his men, as they rushed shouting to the cabin of Cornstalk. Elinipsico hearing their approach trembled greatly. Cornstalk said-"My son, the Great Spirit has seen fit that we should die together; and has sent you here. It is his will. Let us submit. It is best:"-- and turned to meet the soldiers at the door. In a moment he received seven bullets in his body and fell without a groan. Elinipsico sat upon his stool unmoved. His father's words had calmed his trepidation: his father's death called up in his bosom all his savage stoicism. He received the shots of the soldiers and died without motion. Redhawk, on hearing the tumult, concealed himself in the chimney, which was too small to admit his escape. He was soon discovered and shot in his hiding-place, and fell in the ashes dead. The other Indian was cruelly mangled and murdered by piece-meal. Cornstalk had led the expedition, years before, by which Gilmore's family had been murdered: Cornstalk was now in the Fort. Elinipsico, his son, had come the day before; and now Indians had just killed Gilmore. These men must be a sacrifice. These feeling governed Hall and his men, as they rushed shouting to the cabin of Cornstalk. Elinipsico hearing their approach trembled greatly. Cornstalk said-"My son, the Great Spirit has seen fit that we should die together; and has sent you here. It is his will. Let us submit. It is best:"--and turned to meet the soldiers at the door. In a moment he received seven bullets in his body and fell without a groan. Elinipsico sat upon his stool unmoved. His father's words had calmed his trepidation: his father's death called up in his bosom all his savage stoicism. He received the shots of the soldiers and died without motion. Redhawk, on hearing the tumult, concealed himself in the chimney, which was too small to admit his escape. He was soon discovered and shot in his hiding-place, and fell in the ashes dead. The other Indian was cruelly mangled and murdered by piece- meal." - The Governor of Virginia issued this decree deploring the murderous act committed on the Indians and announced the establishment of rewards for the white militia men responsible. From the VIRGINIA GAZETTE, April 3, 1778 By HIS Excellency PATRICK HENRY Governor, or Chief Magistrate of the Commonwealth of VIRGINIA A PROCLAMATION WHEREAS a most barbarous murder was on the tenth day of November last committed by a number of persons belonging to a detachment of the militia of this state on Indian chief called CORNSTALK, his son, and two other Indians at Fort Randolph on the Ohio, although the said Indians had been convicted of no hostile act or purpose, and were at that time under the pl ghted (sic) protection of the garrison of the place, whereby a deep wound has been given to the honor and faith of this country, the laws of the state have been most flagrantly violated, and the vengeance of a cruel enemy provoked on the innocent inhabitants of the western frontiers, as well as a dangerous example given to licentious and bloodthirsty men wantonly to involve their country in the horrours of a savage war; and whereas it appears from sundry depositions transmitted to me that James Hall of the county of Rockbridqe, and Malcolm McCown of Augusta, Adam Barnes of Greenbrier, William Roane of Rockbridge and Hugh Galbreath of Rockbridge were deeply concerned in promoting and perpetrating the said outrage, I do by and with the advice of the Council of State issue this my proclamation strictly requiring the citizens of this commonwealth, more especially all officers civil and military, to use the most vigorous exertions to bring these separate offenders to the punishment due their guilt. And as an encouragement thereto, as well as a proof of the public abhorrence of such detestable crimes, I do offer to such person or persons as shall secure any of the offenders so that they be brought to justice the following rewards that is for James Hall 200 dollars, for Malcolm McCown 150 dollars, for Adam Barnes, William Roane and Hugh Galbreath 100 dollars each. Given under my hand at the Council Chamber in the city of Williamsburg this 27th day of March in the second year of the commonwealth, Annogue Dom 1778. - Cornstalk, his son, and the rest of his party were murdered that day, but it was just more killings in what was often a tense and changing relationship between the settlers and the Indians. Just years before, in 1763, Cornstalk and his band had savagely murdered friendly settlers at Muddy Creek and Big Levels, VA. The band of Shawnees had arrived at the setttlements under the guise of peaceful purposes, dined and relaxed with their white hosts, and when the moment came, they struck quickly and savagely. They killed the men and older boys, scalped them, and made of with the women and children. Many of the captives were kept for several years. Numerous of the children were gathered in a clearing and killed about a day out from the Shawnee village. The killing of the soldier and Cornstalk and his Indians at the fort reignited the attacks and many more people, red and white, would lose their lives. https://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=aztextor...

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Born ca. 1720 Pennsylvania Died November 10, 1777 Fort Randolph, Virginia (now West Virginia) Cause of death Killed by soldiers from Fort Randolph Resting place Point Pleasant, West Virginia Spouse(s) Helizikinopo (1715-1756), m. ca. 1739; Ounaconoa Moytoy (1715-1755), m. ca. 1740; Catherine Vanderpool (1725-1806) or 1808, m. 1763-1777 Relations Brother of Nonhelema Children Aracoma Cornstalk, Elinipsico Cornstalk (1745-Oct. 10, 1777) Parents Moytoy II Pigeon of Tellico (of Tainesi (Cherokee)) (1687-1760), Hawwaythi [1] Known for Prominent leader of the Shawnee nation Nickname(s) Keigh-tugh-qua and Wynepuechsika https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornstalk ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Deyo, Bill L CTR NSWCDD, E03A 1:15 PM (9 minutes ago)

Hi Linda,

I am afraid that the book is total fiction. It is a fascinating story but someone just has a very good imagination! One big clue to show that those journals did not exist is the statement that Opechancanough had the name of Don Luis de Velasco. He was definitely NOT that person. Don Luis was older than Powhatan, and Powhatan was proven to be the older brother of Opechancanough.

I have also never heard of Opechancanough and Cleopatra having a son named Hokoleuska. Whoever stated that should be asked for their source!

Bill ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Cornstalk (Shawnee: Hokoleskwa or Hokolesqua) (ca. 1720 - November 10, 1777) was a prominent leader of the Shawnee nation just prior to the American Revolution (1775-1783). His name, Hokoleskwa, translates loosely into "stalk of corn" in English, and is spelled Colesqua in some accounts. He was also known as Keigh-tugh-qua and Wynepuechsika.

Cornstalk opposed European settlement west of the Ohio River in his youth, but he later became an advocate for peace after the Battle of Point Pleasant (1774). His murder by American militiamen at Fort Randolph during a diplomatic visit in November 1777 outraged both American Indians and Virginians.

Early years[edit] Historians believe he may have been born in present-day Pennsylvania, and with his sister, Nonhelema, moved to the Ohio Country, near present-day Chillicothe, when the Shawnee fell back before expanding white settlement. Stories tell of Cornstalk's participation in the French and Indian War (1754-1763), though these are probably apocryphal. His alleged participation in Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1766) is also unverified, though he did take part in the peace negotiations.

Dunmore's War[edit]

Cornstalk monument located at Logan Elm State Memorial in Pickaway County, Ohio. Cornstalk played a central role in Dunmore's War of 1774. After the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, settlers and land speculators moved into the lands south of the Ohio River in present-day Kentucky. Although the Iroquois had agreed to cede the land, the Shawnee and others had not been present at the Fort Stanwix negotiations. They still claimed Kentucky as their hunting grounds. Clashes soon took place over this. Cornstalk tried unsuccessfully to prevent escalation of the hostilities.

Attempting to block a Virginian invasion of the Ohio country, Cornstalk led a force of Shawnee and Mingo warriors at the Battle of Point Pleasant. His attack, although ferociously made, was beaten back by the Virginians. Cornstalk retreated and would reluctantly accept the Ohio River as the boundary of Shawnee lands in the Treaty of Camp Charlotte.

Cornstalk's commanding presence often impressed American colonials. A Virginia officer, Col. Benjamin Wilson, wrote of Cornstalk's speech to Lord Dunmore at Camp Charlotte in 1774: "I have heard the first orators in Virginia, Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, but never have I heard one whose powers of delivery surpassed those of Cornstalk on that occasion."

American Revolution[edit] With the American Revolution begun, Cornstalk worked to keep his people neutral. He represented the Shawnee at treaty councils at Fort Pitt in 1775 and 1776, the first Indian treaties ever negotiated by the United States. Many Shawnees nevertheless hoped to use British aid to reclaim their lands lost to the settlers. By the winter of 1776, the Shawnee were effectively divided into a neutral faction led by Cornstalk, and militant bands led by men such as Blue Jacket.

A replica of Fort Randolph, where Cornstalk was murdered. In the fall of 1777, Cornstalk made a diplomatic visit to Fort Randolph, an American fort at present-day Point Pleasant, seeking as always to maintain his faction's neutrality. Cornstalk was detained by the fort commander, who had decided on his own initiative to take hostage any Shawnees who fell into his hands. When, on November 10, an American militiaman from the fort was killed nearby by unknown Indians, angry soldiers brutally executed Cornstalk, his son Elinipsico, and two other Shawnees. Private Jacob McNeil was one of the soldiers who participated in the capture of the Shawnee Chief Cornstalk, and tried to prevent his murder at Fort Randolph (West Virginia). McNeil testified: "That he was one of the guards over the celebrated Indian chief Corn Stalk [sic: Cornstalk or Hokoleskwa] - that when he was murdered [10 Nov 1777] he this affiant did all he could to prevent it - but that it was all in vain the American (soldier)’s exasperated at the depredations of the Indians."[2]

American political and military leaders were alarmed by the murder of Cornstalk; they believed he was their only hope of securing Shawnee neutrality. At the insistence of Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia, Cornstalk's killers - whom Henry called "vile assassins" - were eventually brought to trial, but since their fellow soldiers would not testify against them, all were acquitted.

Cornstalk was originally buried at Fort Randolph.

In 1840 Cornstalk's grave was rediscovered and his remains were moved to the Mason County Courthouse grounds. In 1954 the courthouse was torn down and he was reburied in Point Pleasant. A local legend claims that he took his revenge in the 1960s by sending the mysterious Mothman to terrorize Point Pleasant.[3] Legends arose about his dying "curse" being the cause of misfortunes in the area (later supplanted by local "mothman" stories),[4][5] though no contemporary historical source mentions any such utterance by Cornstalk.

See also[edit] Chief Cornstalk Wildlife Management Area References[edit] Jump up ^ "(Chief) Hokoleskwa Cornstalk (Colesqua) b. 1715 d. 10 November 1777". Rodovid EN. Retrieved 2013-02-18. Jump up ^ Pension Application of Jacob McNeil Jump up ^ "Fighting Chief Cornstalk's Remains Laid to Rest Again". The Charleston Gazette. Charleston, WV. 1954-09-21. Retrieved 2013-02-18. Jump up ^ Troy Taylor (2002). "The Cornstalk Curse!". Ghosts of the Prairie, Haunted West Virginia. Retrieved 2013-02-18. Jump up ^ "Welcome to Point Pleasant, West Virginia!". Mason County Convention and Visitors Bureau. Retrieved 2013-02-18. Downes, Randolph C. Council Fires on the Upper Ohio. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1940. Kellogg, Louise Phelps. "Cornstalk" in the Dictionary of American Biography, vol II. New York: Scribner, 1928. Sugden, John. "Cornstalk" in American National Biography. Oxford University Press, 1999. Roosevelt, Theodore. The winning of the West, Volume 1 G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1889 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Hokolesqua -- called "Cornstalk" by Anglo-Americans -- was a Shawnee leader. He was born about 1720. His Indian name was variously pronounced as Hokolesqua, Colesqua and Keigh-tugh-qua and was freely translated to mean "blade of corn". Little is known about his early years. In all likelihood, he was born in Pennsylvania, the home of the Shawnee in the 1720s, and then moved to Ohio around 1730 with most of the Shawnee people.

During the French and Indian War, Hokolesqua and the Shawnees sided with the French. They feared that English settlers would come rapidly into the Ohio Country if they were not stopped. Hokolesqua led raiding parties into western Virginia, hoping to drive the English away from Shawnee territory. He also played an active part in Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763. Colonel Henry Bouquet defeated the Shawnee in 1764. To assure that American Indians would sign a peace treaty ending the rebellion, Bouquet seized several hostages, including Hokolesqua. The Shawnee agreed not to take up arms against the English again.

During the next decade, fighting did occur between the British and the American Indians of the Ohio Country. Hokolesqua tried to peacefully ease the tensions, but the arrival of more white settlers placed him in the minority as to how to deal with the whites. By the spring of 1774, violence was constant. On May 3, 1774, a group of English colonists killed eleven Ohio Seneca-Cayuga. At least two of them were relatives of Logan, a leader of the Seneca-Cayuga in the Ohio Country. Upon hearing of the murders, many Seneca-Cayuga and Shawnees demanded retribution. Some, like Hokolesqua, urged conciliation. Hokolesqua and most other Shawnee promised to protect English fur traders in the Ohio Country from retaliatory attacks since the traders were innocent. Logan, however, was not easily convinced, and Shawnee and Seneca-Cayuga chiefs permitted him to attack the parties responsible for his family members' murders - British colonists living south of the Ohio River.

Logan took approximately two dozen warriors to exact revenge on the colonists. He did not go into Kentucky. Rather he traveled into western Pennsylvania. There, his followers killed thirteen settlers before returning back across the Ohio River. Captain John Connolly, commander of Fort Pitt, immediately prepared to a retaliation attack on the Ohio Country American Indians. John Murray, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, offered his colony's assistance. Dunmore hoped to prevent Pennsylvania's expansion into modern-day West Virginia and Kentucky. He believed the best way to do this was to place Virginia militiamen in these regions. He also hoped to benefit by opening these lands to white settlement.

In August 1774, Pennsylvania militia entered the Ohio Country and quickly destroyed seven Ohio Seneca-Cayuga villages, which had been abandoned as the soldiers approached. At the same time, Lord Dunmore sent one thousand men to the Kanawha River in modern-day West Virginia to build a fort and attack the Shawnees. Cornstalk, who had experienced a change of heart about the white colonists as the soldiers invaded the Ohio Country, dispatched nearly one thousand Shawnee warriors to drive Dunmore's force from the region. The forces met on October 10, 1774, at what became known as the Battle of Point Pleasant. After several hours of intense fighting, the English drove Hokolesqua's followers north of the Ohio River. Dunmore, with a separate force, followed the Shawnee across the river into the Ohio Country. Upon nearing the Shawnee villages on the Pickaway Plains, Dunmore stopped and asked that the Shawnee discuss a peace treaty with him. The Shawnee agreed, but while negotiations were under way, Colonel Andrew Lewis, and a detachment of Virginia militia that Dunmore had left behind at Point Pleasant, crossed the Ohio River and destroyed several Shawnee villages. Fearing that Dunmore intended to destroy them, the Shawnee immediately agreed to terms before more blood was shed.

Under this new treaty, the Shawnee agreed to the terms of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768). They had to give up ownership to all lands east and south of the Ohio River. This was the first time that an American Indian group that actually lived in the Ohio Country agreed to relinquish some of their land. In addition, the Shawnees promised to return all white captives and to no longer attack English colonists traveling down the Ohio River.

Hokolesqua abided by this treaty for the rest of his life. Most Shawnee did not. By 1777, the Shawnee Indians again planned to drive the white settlers from the region. This time they did so at the urging of British soldiers who sought assistance in defeating the colonists in the American Revolution. Cornstalk and his son, Elinipsico, went to Point Pleasant, the site of an American fort, to warn the whites of the impending attack. The Americans took the Shawnee hostage. Shortly thereafter, news reached Point Pleasant that, the Shawnee had ambushed and killed an American soldier. Seeking vengeance, the colonists killed Hokolesqua, his son, and other American Indians in American custody. http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Hokolesqua ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Southern Campaigns American Revolution Pension Statements & Rosters Pension Application of Jacob McNeil S5745 VA Transcribed and annotated by C. Leon Harris. Revised 25 Sep 2014. State of Virginia Franklin County to wit. On this 3d day of September personally appeared in open Court before Moses Greer Jr. Henry Carper, Samuel Helm and Benjamin Cook the court of Franklin county now seting Jacob Mcniel Sen’r. aged 74 years next June a resident of said county of Franklin and state aforesaid who being first duly sworn - according to law doth on his oath, make the following declaration in order to obtain the benifit of the act of Congress passed June 7th 1832 That He is by birth a Virginian That during the year1776 in the spring or summer, he enlisted in a company as a Spy or ranger, that the company was commanded by Capt John Cook - John MacNeil was Lieutenant he has forgot the name of the ensign - the term was three months and he acted faithfully during said time of at least three months - that the said company of spies were employed on the frontier of Virginia on the Greenbriar [sic: Greenbrier] and adjacent wildernesses that in 1777. he again enlisted in the month of March to act as a guard at a fort at the mouth of Kanawha [Fort Randolph] till Xmas - but did not go into active service till the month of July when he was required to join a company then completed at Muddy creek [probably the Muddy Creek near present Alderson in Greenbrier County WV] sixty miles from his then residence on the frontier - that he obeyed the requisition forthwith & did join the company and acted faithfully till about November near the last of that month in the year 1777 - when he was discharged having complyed to the best of his abilities with his obligation and his duties that during the last term of service, he was marched to the fort at the mouth of the Kanawha river where he served several months in protecting the fort and occasionally as necessity required - pursuing the Indians - who from time to time made incursions into the white settlements that during this latter service the company was commanded by Capt John Henderson - The troops at the fort were commanded by Maj’r Arbuckle [sic: Capt. Mathew Arbuckle] - At the fort were regular soldiers - many of whom were marched elsewhere on the company of rangers to which he belonged having arrived there - That he was one of the guards over the celebrated Indian chief Corn Stalk [sic: Cornstalk or Hokoleskwa] - that when he was murdered [10 Nov 1777] he this affiant did all he could to prevent it - but that it was all in vain the American’s exasperated at the depredations of the Indians - broke through the guard and killed the said prisoner Corn Stalk - to the very great regret of this affiant - this affiant was on the Frontier the balance of the Revolutionary war and was frequently out against the Indians obeying every call made with alacrity - He was a single man & declined no call on him - he worked in the field with his gun close to him and was constantly in readiness to act at a moments notice - After the war he left the frontier and setled in Franklin County Va where he has remained ever since - He can prove his service as he believes by many who lived at that time on the Frontier if he was in a situation to travel such a distance but he is too poor to encounter the experience - add to this he is a cripple from age and sickness and unable to ride without endangering his life - nor does he know that any of those he served with are certainly living - he has no documentary evidence He relinquishes every claim whatever to a pension or annuity except the present, and declares that his name is not on the pension roll of the agency of any state, Sworn and subscribed to the day & year aforesaid Cabell Court House, Va./ Oct’r 1st 1832 Dr Sir having an opportunity by Mr Freeman I drop you a hasty line at the request of Daniel Davis [pension application S8287] a fellow Soldier of yours to the point or mouth of Big Kanawha in 1776 or 1777 he says he volunteered under Capt John Henderson and that you and him were Guard over King Cornstalk and three other Indians [Ellinipsico, Red Hawk, and Petallo] at the time they were Inhumanely butchered by Col Dickensons [John Dickenson’s] men, that you were discharged in the latter part of Decr. He wishes you to have an affidavit made out and forwarded to him or to the Secretary of War Should you find it necessary call on him and it will promptly attended to. If you know anything of John Stephensons [John Stephenson W6204] service please inform us I know not the relationship you had to Gabriel McNeil but will inform you they were well a short time since. Davis’s and Stephensons are well generally Your most Obt Servt Allen H McGinnis http://www.revwarapps.org/s5745.pdf

http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Hokolesqua

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornstalk

http://www.prairieghosts.com/cornstalk.html

http://www.wvculture.org/history/notewv/corn1.html

http://www.newrivernotes.com/topical_books_1850_virginia_cornstalk_...

http://www.wvcommerce.org/news/story/Shawnee-Chief-Cornstalk-killed...

https://americanindianshistory.blogspot.com/2012/02/shawnee-chief-c...

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cornstalk

http://www.shelbycountyhistory.org/schs/indians/chiefcornst

http://www.theintelligencer.net/life/features/2014/10/visit-from-ch...

http://files.usgwarchives.net/wv/greenbrier/history/cornstlk.txt

https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/1602

https://www.westernreservepublicmedia.org/onestate/cornstal.htm

http://www.pandaamerica.com/NEWS_08shawneeSilver03_25_09.asp?keywor...

http://frenchandindianwarfoundation.org/chief-cornstalk/

https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8284227/lord_dunsmore_and_shawnee_c...

“History of the Shawnee Indians, from the year 1681 to 1854, inclusive” Author. Harvey, Henry. Page 304 - 307. NArchive.Org “... some of the descendants of Cornstalk are now living on Kansaz River. One of his sons lived to an advanced age.”

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=== GEDCOM Note === son of Wawwaythi Whitefish Okowellos “Ionoco” Sunfish (1672-1740) and Bird (1682-1740). Spouse & Children: Helizikinopo (1715 – 1756)

M:Chenusaw CORNSTALK (1730 – 1778) M:Wolf Piaserka CORNSTALK (1733 – 1788) F:Mary CORNSTALK (1735 – 1775) M:Walker Keigh tugh quah And Heliziknopo CORNSTALK (1735 – 1818) M:Newa CORNSTALK (1737 – 1776) F:Aracoma Snow CORNSTALK (1740 – 1780) F:Greenbrier CORNSTALK (1741 – 1777) M:Stout Man Wneypuechsika CORNSTALK (1742 – 1832) F:Mary Blue Sky Cornstalk (1744 – 1791) M:Ellinipsico CORNSTALK (1745 – 1777) F:Elizabeth CORNSTALK (1746 – 1770) F:Esther Cutewah CORNSTALK (1748 – 1777) F:Oceano Cornstalk (1756 – 1765)

Other Spouse & Children: Ounaconoa Moytoy (1716 – 1755)

M:Wissecapoway Cornstalk (1735 – 1808) M:Wynepuechiska Shawnee Cornstalk (1738 –) M:Black Wolf Benewiska Cornstalk (1740 – 1796) M:Ionoco Ailstock Cornstalk (1741 – 1777) M:Nenpemeshequa Cornstalk (1742 – ) M:Wissecapouay Shawnee Cornstalk (1744 – ) M:Benewisca Shawnee Indian (1750 –) M:Lawathtucheh John Wolf Cornstalk (1750 – 1834) M:Peitehthator Shawnee Indian (1752 –) M:Wissecapoway Cornstalk (1753 – ) M:Lawathtucheh Shawnee Indian (1754 –) M:Wynepuechiska Peter Cornstalk (1755 – 1838) F:White Wing Cornstalk (1756 – ) F:Susannah Keigh tugh quah A Ounaconoa Moytoy Cornstalk (1757 – 1820) M:White Fish Cornstalk (1760 – )

Other Spouse & Children

Julia Scot (1726 – 1755)

M:Sun Fish Cornstalk (1741 – 1774) M:Elijah Keigh tugh quah And Julia Scot Cornstalk (1744 – 1760) M:Absaloma Alistock “Absalom Ailstock” Cornstalk of Lexington, Rockbridge, Virginia (1748 – 1858) M:Abraham Alistock “Abraham Aylstock” Cornstalk of Botetourt, Virginia (1750 – 1855) M:Michael Ailstock Cornstalk (1760 – 1795)

according to my herritage.com Cheif cornstalk married Helizikinopo Ounaconoa cornstalk (born Moytoy). and had 21 children Chief Weroance Keightughquah of the Shawnee Cornstalk, 1710 - 1777 Chief Weroance Keightughquah of the Shawnee Cornstalk was born in 1710, at birth place, to Weroance Okowellos Wawwaythi, Ionoco Cornstalk and Elizabeth Cornstalk (born Bird). Weroance was born in 1680, in Ohio, USA. Elizabeth was born in 1682. Chief had 3 siblings: Silver Heels Shawnee Chief Cornstalk and 2 other siblings. Chief married Ounacono Cornstalk (born Moytoy). Ounacono was born in 1718, in North Carolina. They had 2 sons: Lawathtucheh (John C Wolf) Cornstalk and one other child. Chief married Unknown. They had 18 children: (Sowege) Mary Elisabeth, Mary Blue Sky Shawnee Twins and 16 other children. Chief passed away in 1777, at age 67 at death place, West Virginia.

Murdered at Fort Randolph

Shawnee leader. Personal details: Bornca. 1720 Pennsylvania DiedNovember 10, 1777 Fort Randolph, Virginia (now West Virginia) Resting place: Point Pleasant, West Virginia Spouse(s)Helizikinopo (1715-1756), m. ca. 1739; Ounaconoa Moytoy (1715-1755), m. ca. 1740; Catherine Vanderpool (1725-1806) or 1808, m. 1763-1777 Relations: Brother of Nonhelema Children: Aracoma Cornstalk, Elinipsico Cornstalk (1745-Oct. 10, 1777) Parents: Moytoy II Pigeon of Tellico (of Tainesi (Cherokee)) (1687-1760), Hawwaythi [1] Known fo: rProminent leader of the Shawnee nation Nickname(s): Keigh-tugh-qua and Wynepuechsika

Shawnee Tribe

Chief Hokolesqua Keigh-Tugh-Quah Cornstalk, 1720 - 1777 Chief Hokolesqua Keigh-Tugh-Quah Cornstalk was born in 1720, at birth place, Pennsylvania, to Akulusska Ben White Fish Hokolesqua Cornstalk. Akulusska was born in 1662, in Lock Haven, Clinton, Pennsylvania, United States. Chief married Helizikinopo Ounaxonaoa Cornstalk (born Shawnee Main). Helizikinopo was born in 1715, in Pennsylvania, Somerset, Pennsylvania, USA. They had 13 children: Princess Aracoma Sky Baker, Rachel Maiden Whitt and 11 other children. Chief married Unknown Cornstalk. They had one son: Ellinipisco Cornstalk. Chief married Unknown Cornstalk. They had one daughter: Standing Deer Cornstalk (born Bailey). Chief passed away on month day 1777, at age 57 at death place, West Virginia. He was buried at burial place, West Virginia.

according to my herritage.com Cheif cornstalk married Helizikinopo Ounaconoa cornstalk (born Moytoy). and had 21 children Chief Weroance Keightughquah of the Shawnee Cornstalk, 1710 - 1777 Chief Weroance Keightughquah of the Shawnee Cornstalk was born in 1710, at birth place, to Weroance Okowellos Wawwaythi, Ionoco Cornstalk and Elizabeth Cornstalk (born Bird). Weroance was born in 1680, in Ohio, USA. Elizabeth was born in 1682. Chief had 3 siblings: Silver Heels Shawnee Chief Cornstalk and 2 other siblings. Chief married Ounacono Cornstalk (born Moytoy). Ounacono was born in 1718, in North Carolina. They had 2 sons: Lawathtucheh (John C Wolf) Cornstalk and one other child. Chief married Unknown. They had 18 children: (Sowege) Mary Elisabeth, Mary Blue Sky Shawnee Twins and 16 other children. Chief passed away in 1777, at age 67 at death place, West Virginia.

Shawnee Tribe

Extra family

Seen as husband of Ounaconoa Muskrat, {Shawnee Heritage}. Disconnected 9 August 2021, along with children Wife of Hokolesqua, Sachem Cornstalk Mother of Black Beard Cornstalk, {Shawnee Heritage}; Nee Wa "Goose", Cornstalk; Black Wolf Cornstalk; John Wolf Cornstalk; Daughter, Of Cornstalk; Susannah, Cornstalk; Ben White Fish Cornstalk; Michael A. Cornstalk; Nern Pe Nes Quah Cornstalk; Piaserka T.W. Cornstalk; Wissecapoway Cornstalk; Peter Cornstalk, II and Elizabeth (See) Shoemaker