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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France

Charles VI (3 December 1368 – 21 October 1422), called the Well-loved (French: le Bien-Aimé) and the Mad (French: le Fol or le Fou), was the King of France from 1380 to 1422, as a member of the House of Valois.

Contents

1. Early life
2. Madness
3. The Bal des Ardents
4. Struggles for power
5. The English invasion
6. Ancestors
7. Marriage and issue
8. Cultural references
9. References
10. Sources

Early life

He was born in Paris, the son of King Charles V and Joan of Bourbon. At the age of eleven, he was crowned King of France in 1380 in the cathedral at Reims. He married Isabeau of Bavaria in 1385. Until he took complete charge as king in 1388, France was ruled primarily by his uncle, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.

Charles VI was known both as Charles the Well-loved and later as Charles the Mad, since, beginning in his mid-twenties, he experienced bouts of psychosis. These fits of madness would recur for the rest of his life. Based on his symptoms, he probably suffered from schizophrenia.

Madness

Charles VICharles's first known fit occurred in 1392 when his friend and advisor, Olivier de Clisson, was the victim of an attempted murder. Although Clisson survived, Charles was determined to punish the would-be assassin Pierre de Craon who had taken refuge in Brittany. Contemporaries said Charles appeared to be in a "fever" to begin the campaign and appeared disconnected in his speech. Charles set off with an army on 1 July 1392. The progress of the army was slow, nearly driving Charles into a frenzy of impatience.

As the king and his escort were travelling through a forest on a hot August morning, a barefoot leper dressed in rags rushed up to the King's horse and grabbed his bridle. "Ride no further, noble King!" he yelled. "Turn back! You are betrayed!" The king's escorts beat the man back but did not arrest him, and he followed the procession for a half-hour, repeating his cries.

The company emerged from the forest at noon. A page who was drowsy from the sun dropped the king's lance, which clanged loudly against a steel helmet carried by another page. Charles shuddered, drew his sword and yelled "Forward against the traitors! They wish to deliver me to the enemy!" The king spurred his horse and began swinging his sword at his companions, fighting until one of his chamberlains and a group of soldiers were able to grab him from his mount and lay him on the ground. He lay still and did not react, falling into a coma. The king killed a knight named the bastard of Polignac and several other men (the exact number of victims differs in the chronicles from the time).

A coin of Charles VI, a "double d'or", minted in La Rochelle in 1420.The king continued to suffer from periods of mental illness throughout his life. During one attack in 1393, Charles could not remember his name and did not know he was king. When his wife came to visit, he asked his servants who she was and ordered them to take care of what she required so that she would leave him alone.[1] During an episode of 1395-1396, he claimed that his name was George and that his coat of arms was a lion with a sword thrust through it.[2] At this time, he recognized all the officers of his household but did not know his wife or his children. Sometimes he ran wildly through the corridors of his Parisian residence, the Hôtel Saint-Pol, and to keep him inside, the entrances were walled up. In 1405, he refused to bathe or change his clothes for five months.[3] His later psychotic episodes were not described in detail probably because of the similarity of his behavior and delusions. Pope Pius II, who was born in the middle of the reign of Charles VI, wrote in his Commentaries that there were times when Charles thought that he was made of glass, and this caused him to protect himself in various ways so that he would not break.[4] This condition has come to be known as glass delusion.

The Bal des Ardents

The Bal des Ardents, miniature of 1450-80. Another picture of the accident can be found here.On 29 January 1392, at the behest of the king, a grand party was organized to celebrate the wedding of one of the queen's ladies-in-waiting at the Hotel de Saint Pol. At the suggestion of a Norman Squire, Huguet de Guisay, the King, Huguet and four other lords [5], dressed up as wild men and danced about chained to one another. They were "in costumes of linen cloth sewn onto their bodies and soaked in resinous wax or pitch to hold a covering of frazzled hemp, so that they appeared shaggy & hairy from head to foot".[6] At the suggestion of one of the "Wild men" Yvain de Foix, the king commanded - in view of the obvious danger of fire - that the torch-bearers were to stand at the side of the room. Nonetheless, the King's brother, Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, who had arrived late, approached with a lighted torch in order to discover the identity of the masqueraders, and he accidentally set one of them on fire. Alternatively, it was a plot to kill the mentally deficient king. In any case, there was panic as the fire spread. The Duchess of Berry, to save a dancer who had come near her to intrigue and tease her, threw the train of her gown over him, and it was soon revealed to her that the life she had saved was the king's.[7] Several Knights who tried to put out the flames were severely burned on their hands. Four of the wild men perished: Sir Charles de Poiters son of the Count of Valentinois, Huguet de Guisay, Yvain de Foix and the Count of Joigny. Another, Jean son of the Lord de Nantouillet, saved himself by jumping into a dishwater tub [8]. This incident became known as the Bal des Ardents (the "Ball of the Burning Men").

Struggles for power

With the King mad, his uncles Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and John, Duke of Berry, took control and dismissed Charles's advisers and various officials he had appointed. Another contender for power was the King's brother, Louis I de Valois, Duke of Orleans. This was to be the start of a series of major feuds among the princes of royal blood which would cause much chaos and conflict in France even beyond Charles's reign.

French Monarchy

Capetian Dynasty

(House of Valois)

Philip VI

Children

  John II 

John II

Children

  Charles V 

Louis I of Anjou
John, Duke of Berry
Philip the Bold
Charles V

Children

  Charles VI 

Louis, Duke of Orléans
Charles VI

Children

  Isabella of Valois 

Michelle of Valois
Catherine of Valois
Charles VII
Charles VII

Children

  Louis XI 

Charles, Duke of Berry
Louis XI

Children

  Charles VIII 

Charles VIII

The first major feud was between Philip the Bold and Louis, duke of Orléans who both tried to fill the power vacuum left by the King's condition. Furthermore Louis was suspected of being the lover of his sister-in-law, the Queen. Philip's death in April 1404 did not bring an end to Louis's problems. John the Fearless, the new Duke of Burgundy took over and the feud escalated. In 1407, the Duke of Orléans was murdered in the streets of Paris. John did not deny responsibility, claiming that Louis was a tyrant who squandered money.

Louis's son, Charles, new Duke of Orléans, turned to his father-in-law, Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, for support. This resulted in the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War.

Charles VI's secretary, Pierre Salmon, spent much time in discussions with the king while he was suffering from his intermittent but incapacitating psychosis. In an effort to find a cure for the king's illness, stabilize the turbulent political situation, and secure his own future, Salmon supervised the production of two distinct versions of the beautifully illuminated guidebooks to good kingship known as Pierre Salmon's Dialogues.

[edit] The English invasion

Charles VI's reign was marked by the continuing conflict with the English known as the Hundred Years' War. An early attempt at peace occurred in 1396 when Charles's daughter, the almost seven-year-old Isabella of Valois, married the 29-year-old Richard II of England.

By 1415, however, the feud between the Royal family and the house of Burgundy had led to chaos and anarchy throughout France. Taking advantage, Henry V of England led an invasion which culminated in October when the French army was defeated at the Battle of Agincourt.

With the English taking over the country, John the Fearless sought to end the feud with the Royal family by negotiating with the Dauphin, the King's heir. They met at the bridge at Montereau on 10th of September 1419 but during the meeting, the Duke of Burgundy was killed by Tanneguy du Châtel, a follower of the Dauphin. John's successor, Philip the Good, threw in his lot with the English.

(Philip the Good would later make peace with the Dauphin, now Charles VII, with the Treaty of Arras when, under the inspiration of Joan of Arc, the tide of the war turned in favour of the French. Joan was burned at the stake when Burgundy handed her over to the English.)

In 1420, King Charles signed the Treaty of Troyes which recognized Henry of England as his successor, disinherited his son, the Dauphin Charles, and betrothed his daughter, Catherine of Valois, to Henry (see English Kings of France).

Many historians have misinterpreted this treaty and the disinheriting of the Dauphin Charles. The Dauphin sealed his fate, in the eyes of the king, by committing treason: he declared himself regent, usurping royal authority, and refused to obey the king's order to return to Paris.[9] It is important to remember that when the Treaty of Troyes was finalized in May 1420, the Dauphin Charles was only 17-years-old. He was then a weak figure who was easily manipulated by his advisors.

Charles VI died in 1422 at Paris and is interred with his wife Isabeau de Bavière in Saint Denis Basilica. Both their grandson, the one-year-old Henry VI of England, and their son, Charles VII, were proclaimed King of France, but it was the latter who became the actual ruler with the support of Joan of Arc.

Charles VI appears to have passed on his mental illness to his grandson Henry, whose inability to govern led England to a civil strife of its own known as the Wars of the Roses.

[edit] Ancestors

[show]v • d • eAncestors of Charles VI of France

 16. Charles of Valois (=14) 

8. Philip VI of France
17. Marguerite of Anjou and Maine
4. John II of France
18. Robert II, Duke of Burgundy
9. Joan the Lame
19. Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy
2. Charles V of France
20. Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor
11. John I of Bohemia
21. Margaret of Brabant
5. Bonne of Bohemia
22. Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
11. Elisabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330)
23. Judith of Habsburg
1. Charles VI of France
24. Robert, Count of Clermont
12. Louis I, Duke of Bourbon
25. Beatrix of Bourbon
6. Peter I, Duke of Bourbon
26. John II, Count of Holland
13. Mary of Avesnes
27. Philippa of Luxembourg
3. Joanna of Bourbon
28. Philip III of France
14. Charles of Valois (=16)
29. Isabella of Aragon
7. Isabella of Valois
30. Guy III of Châtillon
15. Mahaut of Chatillon
31. Marie of Brittany
[edit] Marriage and issue

Charles VI married:

Isabeau of Bavaria (ca. 1371 – 24 September 1435) on 17 July 1385.

Name Birth Death Notes

Charles, Dauphin 25 September 1386 28 December 1386 Died young. First Dauphin.

Joan 14 June 1388 1390 Died young.

Isabella 9 November 1389 13 September 1409 Married (1) Richard II, King of England (1367 - 1400) in 1396. No issue.

Married (2) Charles, Duke of Orleans (1394 - 1465) in 1406. Had issue.

Joan 24 January 1391 27 September 1433 Married John VI, Duke of Brittany (1389 - 1442) in 1396. Had issue.

Charles of France, Dauphin 6 February 1392 13 January , 1401 Died young. Second Dauphin.

Mary 22 August 1393 19 August 1438 Never married - became an abbess. No issue. Died of the Plague

Michelle 11 January 1395 8 July 1422 Married Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (1396 - 1467) in 1409. Had issue.

Louis, Dauphin 22 January 1397 18 December 1415 Married Margaret of Burgundy. No issue. Third Dauphin.

John, Dauphin 31 August 1398 5 April 1417 Married Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut (1401 - 1436) in 1415. No issue. Fourth Dauphin.

Catherine 27 October 1401 3 January 1438 Married (1) Henry V, King of England (1387 - 1422) in 1420. Had issue.

Married (?) (2) Owen Tudor (1400 - 1461). Had issue.

Charles VII, King of France 22 February 1403 21 July 1461 Married Marie of Anjou (1404 - 1463) in 1422. Had issue. The fifth Dauphin.

Philip 10 November 1407 10 November 1407 Died young.

He also had one illegitimate child by Odette de Champdivers, Marguerite bâtarde de France (d. ca.1458).

[edit] Cultural references

The Romantic French poet Gérard de Nerval wrote a poem dedicated to the king: "Rêverie de Charles VI"[10].

The novel The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge by Rainer Maria Rilke describes the old age of Charles VI at length.

The story "Hop-Frog, or The Eight Chained Ourang-Outangs" by Edgar Allan Poe involves a scene strikingly similar to the Bal des Ardents. (Full text at Wikisource)

The Edith Pattou novel East mentions Charles of France's second son, Charles, to be the white bear.

King Charles VI, and his madness, are mentioned at length in the historical novel Het Woud der Verwachting/Le Foret de Longue Attente/In a Dark Wood Wandering (1949) by Hella S. Haasse.

Christine de Pisan dedicates a poem to King Charles VI "Prière pour le roi Charles" in which she pleas for the health of her king.

[edit] References

1.^ R.C. Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392-1420, New York, 1986, p. 4, citing the chronicle of the Religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. Bellaguet, II, pp. 86-88.

2.^ R.C. Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392-1420, New York, 1986, p. 5, citing the chronicle of the Religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. Bellaguet, II, pp. 404-05.

3.^ R.C. Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392-1420, New York, 1986, p. 6, citing the chronicle of the Religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. Bellaguet, III, p. 348

4.^ Enea Silvio Piccolomini (Papa Pio II), I Commentarii, ed. L. Totaro, Milano, 1984, I, p. 1056.

5.^ Froissart Chronicles, ed. Johnes, II, p.550

6.^ Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror,1978, Alfred A Knopf Ltd. See the chronicle of the Religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. Bellaguet, II, pp. 64-71, where the squire's name is given correctly as de Guisay.

7.^ Chronicles ... by Sir John Froissart, ed. T. Johnes, II (1855), pp. 550-52

8.^ Froissart, "Chronicles", ed. Johnes, II, p.550. Note that Froissart and the Religieux de Saint-Denis differ as to when the four men died. Huguet de Guisay had held the office of cupbearer of the king.

9.^ R.C. Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392-1420, New York, 1986, Chapter X.

10.^ (French) Gérard de Nerval. Rêverie de Charles VI

[edit] Sources

Famiglietti, R.C., Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392-1420, New York; AMS Press, 1986.

Famiglietti, R.C., Tales of the Marriage Bed from Medieval France (1300-1500), Providence; Picardy Press, 1992.

Tuchman, Barbara, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century, New York; Ballantine Books, 1978.

Charles VI of France

House of Valois

Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty

Born: 3 December 1368 Died: 21 October 1422

Regnal titles

Preceded by

Charles V King of France

16 September 1380–21 October 1422 Succeeded by

Charles VII of France and

Henry VI of England (disputed)

(as 'Henry II of France')

French royalty

Preceded by

Vacant

(John, 2nd Dauphin) Dauphin of France

as 'Charles, 3rd Dauphin'

3 December 1368–16 September 1380 Succeeded by

Vacant

(eventually Charles, 4th Dauphin)

Preceded by

Louis, Duke of Anjou Heir to the Throne

as Heir apparent

3 December 1368 — 16 September 1380 Succeeded by

Louis I, Duke of Orléans

French nobility

Preceded by

Charles I of Viennois Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois

as 'Charles II of Viennois'

3 December 1368––26 September 1386;

28 December 1386–6 February 1392 Succeeded by

Charles III of Viennois

Preceded by

Charles III of Viennois Succeeded by

Charles IV of Viennois

[show]v • d • eList of French monarchs

Charles VI of France

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Charles VI (3 December 1368 – 21 October 1422), called the Beloved (French: le Bienaimé) and the Mad (French:le Fol or le Fou), was the King of France from 1380 to his death and a member of the House of Valois.

He was born in Paris, the son of King Charles V and Jeanne de Bourbon. At the age of eleven, he was crowned King of France in 1380 in the cathedral at Reims. He married Isabeau of Bavaria in 1385. Until he took complete charge as king in 1388, France was ruled by his uncle, Philip the Bold.

Charles VI was known both as Charles the Well Beloved and later as Charles the Mad, since, beginning in his mid-twenties, he experienced bouts of psychosis. These fits of madness would recur for the rest of his life. Based on his symptoms, doctors believe the king may have suffered from schizophrenia, porphyria or Bipolar disorder.

Madness

His first known fit occurred in 1392 when his friend and advisor, Olivier de Clisson, was the victim of an attempted murder. Although Clisson survived, Charles was determined to punish the would-be assassin Pierre de Craon who had taken refuge in Brittany. Contemporaries said Charles appeared to be in a "fever" to begin the campaign and appeared disconnected in his speech. Charles set off with an army on July 1, 1392. The progress of the army was slow, nearly driving Charles into a frenzy of impatience.

While travelling through a forest on a hot August morning, a barefoot man dressed in rags rushed up to the King's horse and grabbed his bridle. "Ride no further, noble King!" he yelled. "Turn back! You are betrayed!" The king's escorts beat the man back but did not arrest him, and he followed the procession for a half-hour, repeating his cries.

The company emerged from the forest at noon. A page who was drowsy from the sun dropped the king's lance, which clanged loudly against a steel helmet carried by another page. Charles shuddered, drew his sword and yelled "Forward against the traitors! They wish to deliver me to the enemy!" The king spurred his horse and began swinging his sword at his companions, fighting until his chamberlain and a group of soldiers were able to grab him from his mount and lay him on the ground. He lay still and did not react, falling into a coma. The king killed 6 knights, and possibly more (the exact numbers differ in the chronicles from the time).

Charles' uncle Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, assumed the regency on the spot, dismissing Charles' advisers in the process. This was to be the start of a major feud which would divide the Kings of France and the Dukes of Burgundy for the next 85 years.

The king would suffer from periods of mental illness throughout his life. During one attack in 1393, Charles could not remember his name, did not know he was king and fled in terror from his wife. He did not recognize his children, though he knew his brother and councillors and remembered the names of people who had died. In later attacks, he roamed his palaces howling like a wolf, refused to bathe for months on end and suffered from delusions that he was made of glass.

The Bal des Ardents

In January 1393, Queen Isabeau de Bavière organised a party to celebrate the marriage of one of her ladies-in-waiting. The King and five other lords dressed up as wild men and danced about chained to one another. They were "in costumes of linen cloth sewn onto their bodies and soaked in resinous wax or pitch to hold a covering of frazzled hemp, so that they appeared shaggy & hairy from head to foot".[1] In view of the obvious danger of fire, there was a ban on torches in the room. Nonetheless, the King's brother, Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, approached with a lighted torch, according to some accounts teasing the dancers with it. One of the dancers caught fire and there was panic. The Duchesse de Berry, who recognized Charles, covered him with her dress and saved his life. Four of the other men perished. This incident became known as the Bal des Ardents (the "Ball of the Burning Men").

Most accounts seem to agree that Louis' action was an accident; he was merely trying to find his brother. Be that as it may, Louis soon afterwards pursued an affair with the Queen and was murdered by his political rival John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy in 1407.

Charles' royal secretary Pierre Salmon spent much time in discussions with the king while he was suffering from his intermittent but incapacitating psychosis. In an effort to find a cure for the king's illness, stabilize the turbulent political situation, and secure his own future, Salmon supervised the production of two distinct versions of the beautifully illuminated guidebooks to good kingship known as Pierre Salmon's Dialogues.

[edit]Dealing with England

Charles VI's reign was marked by the continuing war with the English known as the Hundred Years' War. An early attempt at peace occurred in 1396 when Charles' daughter, the not quite seven-year-old Isabella of Valois, married the 29-year-old Richard II of England.

The peace in France did not last. The feud between the Royal family and the house of Burgundy led to chaos and anarchy. Taking advantage, Henry V of England led an invasion which culminated in 1415 when the French army was defeated at the Battle of Agincourt. In 1420, Charles -- now utterly incapacitated by his disease -- signed the Treaty of Troyes which recognized Henry as his successor, declared his son a bastard and betrothed his daughter, Catherine of Valois, to Henry (see English Kings of France). In fact there really were many doubts as to the Dauphin Charles' legitimacy, his mother being notorious for her affairs. He was also of a weak and feeble nature which caused conflict with both her and his own son, the future Louis XI.

Many people, including Joan of Arc, believed that the King only agreed to such disastrous and unprecedented terms under the mental stress of his illness and that, as a result, France could not be held to them.

Charles VI died in 1422 at Paris and is interred with his wife Isabeau de Bavière in Saint Denis Basilica. Both their grandson, the one-year-old Henry VI of England, and their son, Charles VII, were proclaimed King of France, but it was the latter who finally became the actual ruler with the support of Joan of Arc.

Charles VI appeared to have passed on his madness to his grandson Henry, whose inability to govern England helped spark the Wars of the Roses.

Children

Charles, Dauphin of Viennois (1386-1386)

Jeanne (1388-1390)

Isabella (1389-1409); m.1 Richard II of England; m.2 Charles, Duke of Orléans

Jeanne (1391-1433); m. John VI, Duke of Brittany

Charles, Dauphin of Viennois, Duke of Guyenne (1392-1401)

Marie, Prioress of Poissy (1393-1438)

Michelle (1395-1422); m. Philip III, Duke of Burgundy

Louis, Dauphin of Viennois (1397-1415); m. Marguerite of Burgundy the Dauphin in Shakespeare's Henry V

John, Dauphin of Viennois, Duke of Touraine (1398-1417); m. Jacqueline, Countess of Hainault and Holland

Catherine, Queen of England, (1401-1438); m.1 Henry V of England; m.2 Sir Owen Tudor

Charles VII of France, King of France, (1403-1461) m. Marie of Anjou - the Dauphin in Shakespeare's Henry VI

Philip (1407-1407)

Charles VI 'the Well-Beloved' or 'the Mad' de Valois, King of France

Charles VI the Well-Beloved, later known as the Mad (French: Charles VI le Bien-Aimé, later known as le Fol) (December 3, 1368 – October 21, 1422) was a King of France (1380 – 1422) and a member of the Valois Dynasty.

The king would suffer from periods of mental illness throughout his life. During one attack in 1393, Charles could not remember his name, did not know he was king and fled in terror from his wife. He did not recognize his children, though he knew his brother and councillors and remembered the names of people who had died. In later attacks, he roamed his palaces howling like a wolf, refused to bathe for months on end and suffered from delusions that he was made of glass.

Charles VI's reign was marked by the continuing war with the English (the Hundred Years' War). An early attempt at peace occurred in 1396 when Charles' daughter, the not quite seven-year-old Isabella of Valois married the 29-year-old Richard II of England.

The peace in France did not last. The feud between the Royal family and the house of Burgundy led to chaos and anarchy. Taking advantage, Henry V of England led an invasion which culminated in 1415 when the French army was defeated at the Battle of Agincourt. In 1420, Charles -- now utterly incapacitated by his disease -- signed the Treaty of Troyes which recognized Henry as his successor, declared his son a bastard and betrothed his daughter, Catherine of Valois, to Henry (see English Kings of France).

In fact there really were many doubts as to the Dauphin Charles' legitimacy, his mother being notorious for her affairs. He was also of a weak and feeble nature which caused conflict with both her and his own son, the future Louis XI.

Many people, including Joan of Arc, believed that the king only agreed to such disastrous and unprecedented terms under the mental stress of his illness and that, as a result, France could not be held to them.

Charles VI died in 1422 at Paris and is interred with his wife, Isabeau de Bavière in Saint Denis Basilica.

He was eventually succeeded by his son Charles VII. Apparently Catherine of Valois passed Charles' mental illness onto her son, Henry VI. His inability to govern helped spark the Wars of the Roses.

wikipedia.com

He was born in Paris, the son of King Charles V and Jeanne de Bourbon. At the age of eleven, he was crowned King of France in 1380 in the cathedral at Reims. He married Isabeau of Bavaria in 1385. Until he took complete charge as king in 1388, France was ruled primarily by his uncle, Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.

Charles VI was known both as Charles the Well-loved and later as Charles the Mad, since, beginning in his mid-twenties, he experienced bouts of psychosis. These fits of madness would recur for the rest of his life. Based on his symptoms, he probably suffered from schizophrenia.

In the Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia it states Charles was insane. He suffered from porphyria, as so many of his ancestors had. Aka: 'Charles the Mad'. The book, 'Kings & Queens of Great Britain', states this may be due to porphyria which also afflicated George III. Schizophrenia & Bioplar Disorder may also have been an issue.

Sources:

The book, 'Kings & Queens of Great Britain'

The book, 'Kings & Queens of Europe'

(plus many more)

Charles VI, Roi de France|b. 3 Dec 1368\nd. 22 Oct 1422|p10272.htm#i102717|Charles V, Roi de France|b. 21 Jan 1337\nd. 16 Sep 1380|p10314.htm#i103139|Jeanne de Bourbon|b. 3 Feb 1338\nd. 4 Feb 1378|p10314.htm#i103140|Jean I., Roi de France|b. 26 Apr 1319\nd. 8 Apr 1364|p10314.htm#i103138|Bonne J. de Luxembourg|b. 20 May 1315\nd. 11 Sep 1349|p10316.htm#i103159|Pierre I. de Bourbon, Duc de Bourbon|b. 1311\nd. 19 Sep 1356|p11345.htm#i113449|Isabel de Valois|b. 1313\nd. 26 Jul 1383|p11368.htm#i113672|

Last Edited=7 Dec 2008 Consanguinity Index=3.69%

    Charles VI, Roi de France was born on 3 December 1368 at Paris, France. He was the son of Charles V, Roi de France and Jeanne de Bourbon.1 He married Isabelle von Bayern, daughter of Stefan III Herzog von Bayern-Ingolstadt and Thaddea Visconti, on 17 July 1385. He died on 22 October 1422 at age 53 at Paris, France. He was buried at Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France.

    Charles VI, Roi de France was a member of the House of Valois.1 Charles VI, Roi de France also went by the nick-name of Charles 'the Beloved'.1 He succeeded to the title of Roi Charles VI de France in 1380.1 Children of Charles VI, Roi de France and Isabelle von Bayern 1.Marie de Valois 2.Michelle de France 3.Isabelle de France+ b. 9 Nov 1387, d. 13 Sep 1409 4.Jeanne de France+ b. 1391, d. 1433 5.Louis de France, Dauphin de France b. 1396, d. 1415 6.Jean de France, Duc de Touraine b. 1398 7.Catherine de France+ b. 27 Oct 1401, d. 3 Jan 1437 8.Charles VII, Roi de France+1 b. 22 Feb 1403, d. 21 Jul 1461 9.Philippe de Valois b. 1407 Citations 1.[S38] John Morby, Dynasties of the World: a chronological and genealogical handbook (Oxford, Oxfordshire, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1989), page 78. Hereinafter cited as Dynasties of the World.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France

Charles VI of France From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Charles VI the Beloved Charles VI de France - Dialogues de Pierre Salmon - Bib de Genève MsFr165f4.jpg Charles VI of France by the painter known as the Master of Boucicaut (1412). King of France Reign 16 September 1380 – 21 October 1422 Coronation 4 November 1380 Predecessor Charles V Successor Charles VII or Henry VI (disputed) Regents See[show] Born 3 December 1368 Paris, France Died 21 October 1422 (aged 53) Paris, France Burial Saint Denis Basilica Spouse Isabeau of Bavaria Issue among others... Isabella, Queen of England Joan, Duchess of Brittany Marie, Prioress of Poissy Michelle, Duchess of Burgundy Louis, Dauphin of Viennois John, Dauphin of Viennois Catherine, Queen of England Charles VII of France House Valois Father Charles V of France Mother Joan of Bourbon Religion Roman Catholicism Charles VI (3 December 1368 – 21 October 1422), called the Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé) and the Mad (French: le Fol or le Fou), was King of France from 1380 to his death. He was a member of the House of Valois.

Charles VI was only 11 when he inherited the throne in the midst of the Hundred Years' War. The government was entrusted to his four uncles: Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy; John, Duke of Berry; Louis I, Duke of Anjou; and Louis II, Duke of Bourbon. Although the royal age of majority was fixed at 14, the dukes maintained their grip on Charles until he took power at the age of 21.

During the rule of his uncles, the financial resources of the kingdom, painstakingly built up by his father, Charles V, were squandered for the personal profit of the dukes, whose interests were frequently divergent or even opposed. As royal funds drained, new taxes had to be raised, which caused several revolts.

In 1388 Charles VI dismissed his uncles and brought back to power his father's former advisers, known as the Marmousets. Political and economic conditions in the kingdom improved significantly, and Charles earned the epithet "the Beloved". But in August 1392 en route to Brittany with his army in the forest of Le Mans, Charles suddenly went mad and slew four knights and almost killed his brother, Louis of Orléans.[1]

From then on, Charles' bouts of insanity became more frequent and of longer duration. During these attacks, he had delusions, believing he was made of glass or denying he had a wife and children.[1] He could also attack servants or run until exhaustion, wailing that he was threatened by his enemies. Between crises, there were intervals of months during which Charles was relatively sane.[1] However, unable to concentrate or make decisions, political power was taken away from him by the princes of the blood, which would cause much chaos and conflict in France.

A fierce struggle for power developed between Louis of Orléans, the king's brother, and John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, the son of Philip the Bold. When John instigated the murder of Louis in November 1407, the conflict degenerated into a civil war between the Armagnacs (supporters of the House of Valois) and the Burgundians. John offered large parts of France to King Henry V of England, who was still at war with the Valois monarchy, in exchange for his support. After the assassination of John the Fearless, his son Philip the Good led Charles the Mad to sign the infamous Treaty of Troyes (1420), which disinherited his offspring and recognized Henry V as his legitimate successor on the throne of France.

When Charles VI died, he was succeeded by his son Charles VII, who found the Valois cause in a desperate situation.

Contents [hide] 1 Early life 1.1 Regency 2 Reign 2.1 Mental illness 2.2 Bal des Ardents 2.3 Expulsion of the Jews, 1394 2.4 Struggles for power 2.5 Wars with Burgundy and England 2.6 The English invasion and death 3 Personal life 3.1 Ancestors 3.2 Marriage and issue 4 Cultural references 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources Early life[edit]

The coronation of Charles VI

Charles seized by madness in the forest near Le Mans Charles was born in Paris, in the royal residence of the Hôtel Saint-Pol, on 3 December 1368, the son of the king of France Charles V, of the House of Valois, and of Joan of Bourbon. As heir to the French throne, his older brothers having died before he was born, Charles had the title Dauphin of France. At his father's death on 16 September 1380, he inherited the throne of France. His coronation took place on 4 November 1380, at Reims Cathedral.[2] Although the royal age of majority was 14 (the "age of accountability" under Roman Catholic canon law), Charles did not terminate the regency and take personal rule until 1388.[3]

He married Isabeau of Bavaria on 17 July 1385,[4] when he was 17 and she was 14 (and considered an adult at the time). Isabeau had 12 children, most of whom died young. Isabeau's first child, named Charles, was born in 1386, and was Dauphin of Viennois (heir apparent), but survived only 3 months. Her second child, Joan, was born on 14 June 1388, but died in 1390. Her third child, Isabella, was born in 1389. She was married to Richard II, King of England in 1396, at the age of 6, and became Queen of England. Richard died in 1400 and they had no children. Richard's successor, Henry IV, wanted Isabella to then marry his son, 14-year-old future king Henry V, but she refused. She married again in 1406, this time to her cousin, Charles, Duke of Orléans, at the age of 17. She died in childbirth at the age of 19.

Isabeau's fourth child, Joan, was born in 1391, and was married to John VI, Duke of Brittany in 1396, at an age of 5; they had children. Isabeau's fifth child born in 1392 was also named Charles, and was Dauphin. Charles VI then became insane. The young Charles was betrothed to Margaret of Burgundy in 1396, but died at the age of 9. Isabeau's sixth child, Mary, was born in 1393. She was never married, and had no children. Isabeau's seventh child, Michelle, was born in 1395. She was engaged to Philip, son of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, in 1404 (both were then aged 8) and they were married in 1409, aged 14. She had one child who died in infancy, before she died in 1422, aged 27.

Isabeau's eighth child, Louis, was born in 1397, and was also Dauphin. He was married to the Margaret of Burgundy who had been betrothed to brother Charles, but they did not have any children before he died in 1415, aged 18.

Isabeau's ninth child, John, was born in 1398, and was also Dauphin from 1415, after the death of his brother Louis. He was married to Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut in 1415, when aged 17, but they did not have any children before he died in 1417, aged 19. Isabeau's tenth child, Catherine, was born in 1401. She was married firstly to Henry V, King of England in 1420, and they had one child, who became Henry VI of England. Henry V died suddenly in 1422. Catherine may then have secretly married Owen Tudor in 1429, and she also had children with him. She died in 1437, aged 36.

Isabeau's eleventh child, also named Charles, was born in 1403. In 1413, Queen Isabeau and Yolande of Aragon finalized a marriage contract between Charles and Yolande's daughter Marie of Anjou, Charles' second cousin. Dauphin Louis and then Dauphin John died while in the care of John the Fearless, the Duke of Burgundy and regent for the insane King Charles. Yolande became the protectress of Charles, who became the new Dauphin in 1417. She refused Queen Isabeau's orders to return Charles to the French Court, reportedly replying, "We have not nurtured and cherished this one for you to make him die like his brothers or to go mad like his father, or to become English like you. I keep him for my own. Come and take him away, if you dare." After the death of Charles VI in 1422, the English regents claimed the crown of France for Henry VI, then aged 1, according to the terms of the Treaty of Troyes. However, Charles, aged 19, repudiated the treaty and claimed and became King of France, as Charles VII, sparking fresh fighting with the English. He married Marie of Anjou in 1422, and they had many children, most of which died at a very early age. He died in 1461, the longest living descendant of Isabeau.

Isabeau's twelfth and the last child, Philip, was born in 1407, but died shortly after.

Regency

Charles VI was only 11 years old when he was crowned King of France. Although Charles was entitled to rule personally from the age of 14, the dukes maintained their grip on power until Charles terminated the regency at the age of 21.

During his minority, France was ruled by Charles' uncles, as regents. The regents were Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Louis I, Duke of Anjou, John, Duke of Berry, and Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, Charles VI's maternal uncle. Philip took the dominant role during the regency. Louis of Anjou was fighting for his claim to the Kingdom of Naples after 1382, dying in 1384, John of Berry was interested mainly in the Languedoc,[5] and not particularly interested in politics; whilst Louis of Bourbon was a largely unimportant figure, due to his personality (he showed signs of mental instability) and his status (since he was not the son of a king).

During the rule of his uncles, the financial resources of the kingdom, painstakingly built up by his father Charles V, were squandered for the personal profit of the dukes, whose interests were frequently divergent or even opposing. During that time, the power of the royal administration was strengthened and taxes re-established. The latter policy represented a reversal of the deathbed decision of the king's father Charles V to repeal taxes, and led to tax revolts, known as the Harelle. Increased tax revenues were needed to support the self-serving policies of the king's uncles, whose interests were frequently in conflict with those of the crown and with each other. The Battle of Roosebeke (1382), for example, brilliantly won by the royal troops, was prosecuted solely for the benefit of Philip of Burgundy. The treasury surplus carefully accumulated by Charles V was quickly squandered.

Charles VI brought the regency to an end in 1388, taking up personal rule. He restored to power the highly-competent advisors of Charles V, known as the Marmousets,[6] who ushered in a new period of high esteem for the crown. Charles VI was widely referred to as Charles the Beloved by his subjects.

Reign

Mental illness

A coin of Charles VI, a "double d'or", minted in La Rochelle in 1420
The early successes of the sole rule of Charles VI quickly dissipated as a result of the bouts of psychosis he experienced beginning in his mid-twenties. Mental illness had been passed on for several generations through his mother, Joanna of Bourbon.[citation needed] Although still called by his subjects Charles the Beloved, he became known also as Charles the Mad from then on.

Charles's first known episode occurred in 1392 when his friend and advisor, Olivier de Clisson, was the victim of an attempted murder. Although Clisson survived, Charles was determined to punish the would-be assassin, Pierre de Craon, who had taken refuge in Brittany. John V, Duke of Brittany was unwilling to hand him over, so Charles prepared a military expedition.

Contemporaries said Charles appeared to be in a "fever" to begin the campaign and disconnected in his speech. Charles set off with an army on 1 July 1392. The progress of the army was slow, which nearly drove Charles into a frenzy of impatience.

As the king and his escort were traveling through the forest near Le Mans on a hot August morning, a barefoot leper dressed in rags rushed up to the King's horse and grabbed his bridle. "Ride no further, noble King!" he yelled: "Turn back! You are betrayed!" The king's escorts beat the man back, but did not arrest him, and he followed the procession for half an hour, repeating his cries.[7]

The company emerged from the forest at noon. A page who was drowsy from the sun dropped the king's lance, which clanged loudly against a steel helmet carried by another page. Charles shuddered, drew his sword and yelled "Forward against the traitors! They wish to deliver me to the enemy!" The king spurred his horse and began swinging his sword at his companions, fighting until one of his chamberlains and a group of soldiers were able to grab him from his mount and lay him on the ground. He lay still and did not react, but fell into a coma. The king had killed a knight known as "The Bastard of Polignac" and several other men.[8]

Periods of mental illness continued throughout the king's life. During one in 1393, he could not remember his name and did not know he was king. When his wife came to visit, he asked his servants who she was and ordered them to take care of what she required so that she would leave him alone.[9] During an episode in 1395–96 he claimed he was Saint George and that his coat of arms was a lion with a sword thrust through it.[10] At this time, he recognized all the officers of his household, but did not know his wife nor his children. Sometimes he ran wildly through the corridors of his Parisian residence, the Hôtel Saint-Pol, and to keep him inside, the entrances were walled up. In 1405, he refused to bathe or change his clothes for five months.[11] His later psychotic episodes were not described in detail, perhaps because of the similarity of his behavior and delusions. Pope Pius II, who was born during the reign of Charles VI, wrote in his Commentaries that there were times when Charles thought that he was made of glass, and this caused him to protect himself in various ways so that he would not break. He reportedly had iron rods sewn in his clothes, so that he would not shatter if he came into contact with another person.[12] This condition has come to be known as glass delusion.

Charles VI's secretary, Pierre Salmon, spent much time in discussions with the king while he was intermittently psychotic. In an effort to find a cure for the king's illness, stabilize the turbulent political situation, and secure his own future, Salmon supervised the production of two distinct versions of the beautifully illuminated guidebooks to good kingship known as Pierre Salmon's Dialogues.

Bal des Ardents

The Bal des Ardents, miniature of 1450–80.
On 29 January 1393, a masked ball, which became known as the Bal des Ardents ("Ball of the Burning Men") because of the tragedy that ensued, had been organized by Isabeau of Bavaria to celebrate the wedding of one of her ladies-in-waiting at the Hôtel Saint-Pol. At the suggestion of Huguet de Guisay, the king and four other lords[13] dressed up as wild men and danced about. They were dressed "in costumes of linen cloth sewn onto their bodies and soaked in resinous wax or pitch to hold a covering of frazzled hemp, so that they appeared shaggy & hairy from head to foot".[14] At the suggestion of one Yvain de Foix, the king commanded that the torch-bearers were to stand at the side of the room. Nonetheless, the king's brother Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, who had arrived late, approached with a lighted torch in order to discover the identity of the masqueraders, and he set one of them on fire. There was panic as the fire spread. The Duchess of Berry threw the train of her gown over the king.[15] Several knights who tried to put out the flames were severely burned. Four of the wild men perished: Charles de Poitiers, son of the Count of Valentinois; Huguet de Guisay; Yvain de Foix; and the Count of Joigny. Another – Jean, son of the Lord of Nantouillet – saved himself by jumping into a dishwater tub.[16]

Expulsion of the Jews, 1394

On 17 September 1394, Charles suddenly published an ordinance in which he declared, in substance, that for a long time he had been taking note of the many complaints provoked by the excesses and misdemeanors that the Jews had committed against Christians, and that the prosecutors, having made several investigations, had discovered many violations by the Jews of the agreement they had made with him. Therefore, he decreed, as an irrevocable law and statute, that thenceforth no Jew should dwell in his domains ("Ordonnances", vii. 675). According to the Religieux de St. Denis, the king signed this decree at the instance of the queen ("Chron. de Charles VI." ii. 119).[17] The decree was not immediately enforced, a respite being granted to the Jews in order that they might sell their property and pay their debts. Those indebted to them were enjoined to redeem their obligations within a set time, otherwise their pledges held in pawn were to be sold by the Jews. The provost was to escort the Jews to the frontier of the kingdom. Subsequently, the king released the Christians from their debts.

Struggles for power

French Monarchy

• Capetian Dynastym(House of Valois)
• Arms of the Kingdom of France (Ancien).svg
• Philip VI

Children

1. John II
2. Philip, Duke of Orléans
3. John II

Children

1. Charles V
2. Louis I of Anjou
3. John, Duke of Berry
4. Philip the Bold
5. Charles V

Children

1. Charles VI
2. Louis, Duke of Orléans
3. Charles VI

Children

1. Isabella of Valois
2. Michelle of Valois
3. Catherine of Valois
4. Charles VII
5. Charles VII

Children

1. Louis XI
2. Charles, Duke of Berry
3. Louis XI

Children

1. Charles VIII
2. Charles VIII v t e

With Charles VI mentally ill, from 1393 his wife Isabeau presided over a regency counsel, on which sat the grandees of the kingdom. Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, who acted as regent during the king's minority (from 1380 to 1388), was a great influence on the queen (he had organized the royal marriage during his regency). Influence progressively shifted to Louis I, Duke of Orléans, the king's brother, another contender for power, and it was suspected, the queen's lover.[18] Charles VI's other uncles were less influential during the regency: Louis II of Naples was still engaged managing the Kingdom of Naples, and John, Duke of Berry, served as a mediator between the Orléans party (what would become the Armagnacs) and the Burgundy party (Bourguignons). The rivalry would increase bit by bit and in the end result in outright civil war.

The new regents dismissed the various advisers and officials Charles had appointed. On the death of Philip the Bold in April 1404, his son John the Fearless took over the political aims of his father, and the feud with Louis escalated. John, who was less linked to Isabeau, again lost influence at court.

Wars with Burgundy and England[edit] In 1407, Louis of Orléans was murdered in the rue Vieille du Temple in Paris. John did not deny responsibility, claiming that Louis was a tyrant who squandered money. Louis' son Charles, the new Duke of Orléans, turned to his father-in-law, Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, for support against John the Fearless. This resulted in the Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War, which lasted from 1407 until 1435, beyond Charles' reign, though the war with the English was still in progress.

With the English taking over much of the country, John the Fearless sought to end the feud with the royal family by negotiating with the Dauphin Charles, the king's heir. They met at the bridge at Montereau on 10 September 1419, but during the meeting, John was killed by Tanneguy du Chastel, a follower of the Dauphin. John's successor, Philip the Good, the new Duke of Burgundy, threw in his lot with the English.

The English invasion and death[edit] Charles VI's reign was marked by the continuing conflict with the English, known as the Hundred Years' War. An early attempt at peace occurred in 1396 when Charles' daughter, the almost seven-year-old Isabella of Valois, married the 29-year-old Richard II of England. By 1415, however, the feud between the French royal family and the House of Burgundy led to chaos and anarchy throughout France that Henry V of England was eager to take advantage of. Henry led an invasion that culminated in the defeat of the French army at the Battle of Agincourt in October.

In 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was an agreement signed by Henry V of England and Charles VI of France, recognizing Henry as Charles' successor, and stipulating that Henry's heirs would succeed him on the throne of France. It disinherited the Dauphin Charles (with further claim, in 1421, that the young Charles was illegitimate). It also betrothed Charles VI's daughter, Catherine of Valois, to Henry V (see English Kings of France). The treaty disinheriting the Dauphin of France in favor of the English crown was a blatant act against the interests of France. The Dauphin sealed his fate, in the eyes of the mad king, when he declared himself regent, seized royal authority, and refused to obey the king's order to return to Paris.[19] When the Treaty of Troyes was finalized in May 1420, the Dauphin Charles was only 17 years old.

Charles VI died on 21 October 1422 in Paris, at the Hôtel Saint-Pol. He was interred in Saint Denis Basilica, where his wife Isabeau of Bavaria would join him after her death in September 1435.

Upon the death of Charles VI, his infant grandson, who had become King Henry VI of England at the death of his own father in August 1422, was, according to the Treaty of Troyes, also King of France, and his coronation as such took place at the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris on 26 December 1431. In the meantime, the Dauphin Charles, who had settled in Bourges, Paris being occupied by the English-Bourguignons since 29 May 1418, had to wait the arrival of Joan of Arc to be taken to the cathedral of Reims for his coronation as Charles VII, King of France on 17 July 1429. During his reign, Charles VII, the (disinherited) son of Charles VI, became known as "Charles the Victorious".[20]

Personal life[edit] Ancestors[edit] [show]Ancestors of Charles VI of France Marriage and issue[edit] Charles VI married Isabeau of Bavaria (ca. 1371 – 24 September 1435) on 17 July 1385. She gave birth to 12 children:

Name Birth Death Notes Charles, Dauphin of Viennois 25 September 1386 28 December 1386 Died young. First Dauphin. Jeanne 14 June 1388 1390 Died young. Isabella 9 November 1389 13 September 1409 Married (1) Richard II, King of England, in 1396. No issue.[21] Married (2) Charles, Duke of Orléans, in 1406. Had issue. Jeanne 24 January 1391 27 September 1433 Married John V, Duke of Brittany, in 1396. Had issue. Charles, Dauphin of Viennois 6 February 1392 13 January 1401 Died young. Second Dauphin. Engaged to Margaret of Burgundy after his birth. Marie 22 August 1393 19 August 1438 Never married – became an abbess. No issue. Died of the Plague Michelle 11 January 1395 8 July 1422 Married Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1409.[22] Had no surviving issue. Louis, Dauphin 22 January 1397 18 December 1415 Married Margaret of Burgundy. No issue. Third Dauphin. John, Dauphin 31 August 1398 5 April 1417 Married Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, in 1415. No issue. Fourth Dauphin. Catherine 27 October 1401 3 January 1437 Married (1) Henry V, King of England, in 1420. Had issue. Married (?) (2) Owen Tudor. Had issue. Charles, Dauphin of Viennois 22 February 1403 21 July 1461 The fifth Dauphin became Charles VII, King of France, after his father's death. Married Marie of Anjou in 1422. Had issue. Philip 10 November 1407 November 1407 Died young. He also had one illegitimate child by Odette de Champdivers: Marguerite, bâtarde de France (d. ca.1458).

Cultural references[edit] Christine de Pizan dedicates a poem to Charles VI Prière pour le roi Charles in which she pleas for the health of her king. The Romantic French poet Gérard de Nerval wrote a poem dedicated to the king: "Rêverie de Charles VI".[23] The novel The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge by Rainer Maria Rilke describes the old age of Charles VI at length. King Charles VI, and his madness, are mentioned at length in the historical novel In a Dark Wood Wandering (1949) by Hella S. Haasse. The historical novel Blood Royal (aka The Queen's Lover) by Vanora Bennett, about Charles VI's daughter Catherine of Valois, refers to the King, his reign, family and his madness at length. Charles VI is a character in William Shakespeare's Henry V, as "King of France". References[edit] Citations[edit] ^ Jump up to: a b c "Biography of Charles VI the mad of France (1368-1422)". guusbeltman.nl. Retrieved 6 November 2015. Jump up ^ Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Divided Houses, Vol. III, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), 397. Jump up ^ Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Divided Houses, Vol. III, 665-666. Jump up ^ Tracy Adams, The Life and Afterlife of Isabeau of Bavaria, (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 5. Jump up ^ Vaughan, 40-41 Jump up ^ Vaughn, 42. Jump up ^ W.H. Jervis, A History of France: from the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Second Empire in 1870, (London: John Murray, 1884), 228, §5; Jean Juvenal des Ursins, Histoire de Charles VI, Roy de France, (Paris: A. Desrez, 1841), 377; Michaud, J.F and L.G., Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, 85 vols., (Paris: L.G. Michaud, 1813), 8:114 sub Charles VI. Jump up ^ M. Guizot, The History of France from the Earliest Times to the Year 1789, Vol. 2, transl. Robert Black, (P.F. Collier & son, 1902), 189. Jump up ^ R.C. Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392–1420, New York, 1986, p. 4, citing the chronicle of the Religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. Bellaguet, II, pp. 86–88. Jump up ^ R.C. Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392–1420, New York, 1986, p. 5, citing the chronicle of the Religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. Bellaguet, II, pp. 404–05. Jump up ^ R.C. Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392–1420, New York, 1986, p. 6, citing the chronicle of the Religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. Bellaguet, III, p. 348 Jump up ^ Enea Silvio Piccolomini (Papa Pio II), I Commentarii, ed. L. Totaro, Milano, 1984, I, p. 1056. Jump up ^ Froissart's Chronicles, ed. T. Johnes, II (1855), p.550 Jump up ^ Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror, 1978, Alfred A Knopf Ltd. See the chronicle of the Religieux de Saint-Denis, ed. Bellaguet, II, pp. 64–71, where the squire's name is given correctly as de Guisay. Jump up ^ Froissart's Chronicles, ed. T. Johnes, II (1855), pp.550-2 Jump up ^ Froissart's Chronicles, ed. T. Johnes, II (1855), p.550. Note that Froissart and the Religieux de Saint-Denis differ as to when the four men died. Huguet de Guisay had held the office of cupbearer of the king. Jump up ^ History of the reign of Charles VI, titled Chronique de Religieux de Saint-Denys, contenant le regne de Charles VI de 1380 a 1422, encompasses the king's full reign in six volumes. Originally written in Latin, the work was translated to French in six volumes by L. Bellaguet between 1839 and 1852. Jump up ^ Alban Dignat, 23 novembre 1407: Assassinat dans la rue Vieille du Temple, herodote.net Jump up ^ R.C. Famiglietti, Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392–1420, New York, 1986, Chapter X. Jump up ^ Chartier, Jean, Chronique de Charles VII, Roi de France, publié avec notes par Vallet de Viriville, Paris 1858 Jump up ^ Jeffrey Hamilton, The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty, (Continuum, 2010), 205. Jump up ^ Jonathan Sumption, Cursed Kings: The Hundred Years War IV, (Faber and Faber Ltd., 2015), 103. Jump up ^ (in French) Gérard de Nerval. Rêverie de Charles VI Sources[edit] Famiglietti, R.C., Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392–1420, New York; AMS Press, 1986. Famiglietti, R.C., Tales of the Marriage Bed from Medieval France (1300–1500), Providence; Picardy Press, 1992.